{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T13:55:18Z","timestamp":1762782918856,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Center for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INNOMED\/I\/11\/NCBR\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INNOMED\/I\/11\/NCBR\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The bioavailability levels of cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) determine their pharmacological effects. Therefore, for medical purposes, it is essential to obtain extracts containing the lowest possible content of the psychogenic component THC. In our extract, the CBD\/THC ratio was 16:1, which is a high level compared to available medical preparations, where it is, on average, 1:1. This study assessed the bioavailability and stability of CBD and THC derived from Cannabis sativa L. with reduced THC content. The extract was orally administered (30 mg\/kg) in two solvents, Rapae oleum and Cremophor, to forty-eight Wistar rats. The whole-blood and brain concentrations of CBD and THC were measured using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detection. Much higher concentrations of CBD than THC were observed for both solvents in the whole-blood and brain after oral administration of the Cannabis sativa extract with a decreased THC content. The total bioavailability of both CBD and THC was higher for Rapae oleum compared to Cremophor. Some of the CBD was converted into THC in the body, which should be considered when using Cannabis sativa for medical purposes. The THC-reduced hemp extract in this study is a promising candidate for medical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T01:38:41Z","timestamp":1686101921000},"page":"2646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["THC-Reduced Cannabis sativa L.\u2014How Does the Solvent Determine the Bioavailability of Cannabinoids Given Orally?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8347-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Bartkowiak-Wieczorek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. \u015awi\u0119cickiego 6, 61-861 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0081-6558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"M\u0105dry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. \u015awi\u0119cickiego 6, 61-861 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Ksi\u0105\u017ckiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cannabitey s.c. Pozna\u0144, ul. Uniwersytetu Pozna\u0144skiego 10\/B123, 61-614 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1415-6252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Winkler-Galicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. \u015awi\u0119cickiego 6, 61-861 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1500-8251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Szalata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants National Research Institute, Wojska Polskiego 71B, 60-630 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0153-4317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlena","family":"Szalata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, ul. Dojazd 11, 60-632 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3717-8329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulises Elizalde","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromed Consultorios, Jos\u00e9 Ibarra Olivares 106, Centro, Pachuca de Soto 42000, Hidalgo, Mexico"},{"name":"Centro M\u00e9dico Privado Sanatorio Ortega, Jos\u00e9 Ibarra Olivares 105, Centro, Pachuca de Soto 42000, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0629-2991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Wielgus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna Street 27\/33, 60-572 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edmund","family":"Grze\u015bkowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5601-7002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryszard","family":"S\u0142omski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants National Research Institute, Wojska Polskiego 71B, 60-630 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7272-5738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Bienert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"607","article-title":"Review of the Endocannabinoid System","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462006000200015","article-title":"History of cannabis as a medicine: A review","volume":"28","author":"Zuardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. De Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"180","article-title":"Medicinal Cannabis: History, Pharmacology, And Implications for the Acute Care Setting","volume":"42","author":"Bridgeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"PTA Peer-Rev. J. Formul. 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