{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T04:00:07Z","timestamp":1773115207966,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups (MSS, Republic of Korea)","award":["S3164953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3164953"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic stress leads to hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis dysfunction, increasing cortisol levels. Glucocorticoids (GCs) promote muscle degradation and inhibit muscle synthesis, eventually causing muscle atrophy. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether rice germ supplemented with 30% \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (RG) attenuates muscle atrophy in an animal model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). We observed that CUMS raised the adrenal gland weight and serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels, and these effects were reversed by RG. CUMS also enhanced the expression of the GC receptor (GR) and GC\u2013GR binding in the gastrocnemius muscle, which were attenuated by RG. The expression levels of muscle degradation-related signaling pathways, such as the Klf15, Redd-1, FoxO3a, Atrogin-1, and MuRF1 pathways, were enhanced by CUMS and attenuated by RG. Muscle synthesis-related signaling pathways, such as the IGF-1\/AKT\/mTOR\/s6k\/4E-BP1 pathway, were reduced by CUMS and enhanced by RG. Moreover, CUMS raised oxidative stress by enhancing the levels of iNOS and acetylated p53, which are involved in cell cycle arrest, whereas RG attenuated both iNOS and acetylated p53 levels. Cell proliferation in the gastrocnemius muscle was reduced by CUMS and enhanced by RG. The muscle weight, muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and grip strength were reduced by CUMS and enhanced by RG. Therefore, RG attenuated ACTH levels and cortisol-related muscle atrophy in CUMS animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T02:00:45Z","timestamp":1686621645000},"page":"2719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Rice Germ Attenuates Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Muscle Atrophy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sosorburam","family":"Batsukh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyeon","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4250-6179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyoungmin","family":"Rheu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Bioprocess Co., Ltd., Smart Marine BioCenter, Busan 46048, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bae-Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Bioprocess Co., Ltd., Smart Marine BioCenter, Busan 46048, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang Hu","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuk Hui","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyunghee","family":"Byun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health & Sciences and Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.06.006","article-title":"The HPA axis in major depression: Classical theories and new developments","volume":"31","author":"Pariante","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709005558","article-title":"Not fade away: The HPA axis and depression","volume":"40","author":"Cowen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. 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