{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T19:01:57Z","timestamp":1788289317405,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"YOK (TURKEY)","award":["100\/2000 Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100\/2000 Scholarship"]}]},{"name":"YOK (TURKEY)","award":["1649B032002748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1649B032002748"]}]},{"name":"TUBITAK","award":["100\/2000 Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100\/2000 Scholarship"]}]},{"name":"TUBITAK","award":["1649B032002748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1649B032002748"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is a well-established fact that inadequate Vitamin D (Vit-D) levels have negative effects on the development and progression of malignant diseases, particularly cancer. The purpose of this paper was to elucidate the effects of Vit-D intake and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25(OH)D) levels on cancer incidence and mortality, the current evidence in this field, and the biases of this evidence, using the meta-meta-analysis method. Meta-analyses focusing on Vit-D intake, serum 25(OH)D levels, and cancer risk\/mortality were identified. A structured computer literature search was undertaken in PubMed\/Medline, Web of Science (WoS), and Scopus electronic databases using predetermined keyword combinations. Primary and secondary meta-meta-analyses were carried out, combining odds ratios (ORs), risk ratios (RRs), and hazard ratios (HRs) for outcomes reported in selected meta-analyses. A total of 35 eligible meta-analyses (59 reports yielded from these studies) assessing the association between Vit-D and cancer incidence and\/or mortality were included in this study. In the pooled analysis, higher Vit-D intake and serum 25(OH)D levels were associated with lower cancer risk (OR = 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.90\u20130.96, p &lt; 0.001; OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.72\u20130.89, p &lt; 0.001, respectively) and cancer-related mortality (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.86\u20130.93, p &lt; 0.001; RR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.58\u20130.78, p &lt; 0.001, respectively). When meta-analyses whose primary reports included only randomized controlled trials were pooled, there was no significant association between Vit-D intake and cancer risk (OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.97\u20131.01, p = 0.320). In subgroup analysis, Vit-D consumption was associated with a significant decrease in colorectal and lung cancer incidence (OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.83\u20130.96, p = 0.002; OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.83\u20130.94, p &lt; 0.001, respectively). Taken together, both Vit-D intake and higher 25(OH)D levels may provide remarkable benefits in terms of cancer incidence and mortality; however, careful evaluation according to cancer types is critically important and recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T02:00:45Z","timestamp":1686621645000},"page":"2722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Vitamin D Intake, Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin-D (25(OH)D) Levels, and Cancer Risk: A Comprehensive Meta-Meta-Analysis Including Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials and Observational Epidemiological Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0492-5129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Emin","family":"Arayici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Oncology, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, 15 July Medicine and Art Campus, Inciralti-Balcova 35340 \u0130zmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasemin","family":"Basbinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 \u0130zmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hulya","family":"Ellidokuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 \u0130zmir, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 \u0130zmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00404-3","article-title":"Cell cycle control in cancer","volume":"23","author":"Matthews","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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