{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T19:52:21Z","timestamp":1785873141970,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","award":["24221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24221"]}]},{"name":"Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","award":["2016-02363692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-02363692"]}]},{"name":"Italian Health Ministry","award":["24221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24221"]}]},{"name":"Italian Health Ministry","award":["2016-02363692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-02363692"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) is a poorly understood gluten-related disorder (GRD) and its prominent symptoms can be ameliorated by gluten avoidance. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a probiotic mixture in hydrolyzing gliadin peptides (toxic components of gluten) and suppressing gliadin-induced inflammatory responses in Caco-2 cells. Methods: Wheat dough was fermented with a probiotic mix for 0, 2, 4, and 6 h. The effect of the probiotic mix on gliadin degradation was monitored by SDS-PAGE. The expression levels of IL-6, IL-17A, INF-\u03b3, IL-10, and TGF-\u03b2 were evaluated using ELISA and qRT-PCR methods. Results: According to our findings, fermenting wheat dough with a mix of B. longum, L. acidophilus, and L. plantarum for 6 h was effective in gliadin degradation. This process also reduced levels of IL-6 (p = 0.004), IL-17A (p = 0.004), and IFN-\u03b3 (p = 0.01) mRNA, as well as decreased IL-6 (p = 0.006) and IFN-\u03b3 (p = 0.0009) protein secretion. 4 h fermentation led to a significant decrease in IL-17A (p = 0.001) and IFN-\u03b3 (p = 0.003) mRNA, as well as reduced levels of IL-6 (p = 0.002) and IFN-\u03b3 (p &lt; 0.0001) protein secretion. This process was also observed to increase the expression levels of IL-10 (p &lt; 0.0001) and TGF-\u03b2 (p &lt; 0.0001) mRNA. Conclusions: 4 h fermentation of wheat flour with the proposed probiotic mix might be a good strategy to develop an affordable gluten-free wheat dough for NCWS and probably other GRD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T02:54:33Z","timestamp":1686884073000},"page":"2769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Gliadin Hydrolysis Capacity of B. longum, L. acidophilus, and L. plantarum and Their Protective Effects on Caco-2 Cells against Gliadin-Induced Inflammatory Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Najmeh","family":"Ramedani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 9311634719, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4080-2641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurelio","family":"Seidita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nastaran","family":"Asri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717411, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2983-7117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Azimirad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717411, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2135-7581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbas","family":"Yadegar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717411, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somayeh","family":"Jahani-Sherafat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anousheh","family":"Sharifan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 9311634719, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0406-0583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Mansueto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8913-7916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Carroccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2495-1831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Rostami-Nejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celiac Disease and Gluten Related Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717411, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.00006","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Celiac Disease and Other Gluten Related Disorders in Wheat and Strategies for Mitigating Them","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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