{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T12:04:40Z","timestamp":1783425880385,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":245,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","award":["PID2019-111510RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111510RB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a severe neurodegenerative disease characterized by disabling motor alterations that are diagnosed at a relatively late stage in its development, and non-motor symptoms, including those affecting the gastrointestinal tract (mainly constipation), which start much earlier than the motor symptoms. Remarkably, current treatments only reduce motor symptoms, not without important drawbacks (relatively low efficiency and impactful side effects). Thus, new approaches are needed to halt PD progression and, possibly, to prevent its development, including new therapeutic strategies that target PD etiopathogeny and new biomarkers. Our aim was to review some of these new approaches. Although PD is complex and heterogeneous, compelling evidence suggests it might have a gastrointestinal origin, at least in a significant number of patients, and findings in recently developed animal models strongly support this hypothesis. Furthermore, the modulation of the gut microbiome, mainly through probiotics, is being tested to improve motor and non-motor symptoms and even to prevent PD. Finally, lipidomics has emerged as a useful tool to identify lipid biomarkers that may help analyze PD progression and treatment efficacy in a personalized manner, although, as of today, it has only scarcely been applied to monitor gut motility, dysbiosis, and probiotic effects in PD. Altogether, these new pieces should be helpful in solving the old puzzle of PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T08:56:01Z","timestamp":1686905761000},"page":"2775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["New Pieces for an Old Puzzle: Approaching Parkinson\u2019s Disease from Translatable Animal Models, Gut Microbiota Modulation, and Lipidomics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6008-8559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Ortega Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System (NeuGut-URJC), University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Bagues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System (NeuGut-URJC), University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Associated I+D+i Unit to the Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (IQM), Scientific Research Superior Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"High Performance Research Group in Experimental Pharmacology (PHARMAKOM-URJC), University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5193-715X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6726-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Abalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System (NeuGut-URJC), University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Associated I+D+i Unit to the Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (IQM), Scientific Research Superior Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Working Group of Basic Sciences on Pain and Analgesia of the Spanish Pain Society, 28046 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Working Group of Basic Sciences on Cannabinoids of the Spanish Pain Society, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17013","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.13","article-title":"Parkinson Disease","volume":"3","author":"Poewe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg068","article-title":"Incidence of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Variation by Age, Gender, and Race\/Ethnicity","volume":"157","author":"Tanner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1686-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"124","author":"Tysnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.12.007","article-title":"The Genetics of Parkinson Disease","volume":"42","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776847","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.776847","article-title":"Global Trends in the Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived With Disability of Parkinson\u2019s Disease in 204 Countries\/Territories From 1990 to 2019","volume":"9","author":"Ou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2018). GBD 2016 Parkinson\u2019s Disease Collaborators Global, Regional, and National Burden of Parkinson\u2019s Disease, 1990\u20132016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol., 17, 939\u2013953."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00280-3","article-title":"Parkinson Disease-Associated Cognitive Impairment","volume":"7","author":"Aarsland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-020-0117-1","article-title":"Current and Projected Future Economic Burden of Parkinson\u2019s Disease in the U.S.","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/334345a0","article-title":"Melanized Dopaminergic Neurons Are Differentially Susceptible to Degeneration in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"334","author":"Hirsch","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0332-6","article-title":"Impaired Dopamine Metabolism in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Masato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25844","article-title":"Time to Redefine PD? Introductory Statement of the MDS Task Force on the Definition of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"29","author":"Berg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zacharias, H.U., Kaleta, C., Cossais, F., Schaeffer, E., Berndt, H., Best, L., Dost, T., Gl\u00fcsing, S., Groussin, M., and Poyet, M. (2022). Microbiome and Metabolome Insights into the Role of the Gastrointestinal-Brain Axis in Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Unveiling Potential Therapeutic Targets. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12121222"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26431","article-title":"MDS Research Criteria for Prodromal Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"30","author":"Berg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2010.19.1.1","article-title":"Why Do We Need Multifunctional Neuroprotective and Neurorestorative Drugs for Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s Diseases as Disease Modifying Agents","volume":"19","author":"Youdim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70049-2","article-title":"Treatment of Motor and Non-Motor Features of Parkinson\u2019s Disease with Deep Brain Stimulation","volume":"11","author":"Fasano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.360264","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Neuroprotection of Environmental Enrichment in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"18","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T.D., Kolbe, S.C., Beauchamp, L.C., Woodbridge, E.K., Finkelstein, D.I., and Burrows, E.L. (2022). How Well Do Rodent Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Recapitulate Early Non-Motor Phenotypes? A Systematic Review. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.37766\/inplasy2022.11.0050"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2022.12.019","article-title":"Relevance of Biochemical Deep Phenotyping for a Personalised Approach to Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"511","author":"Giuliano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/42166","article-title":"Alpha-Synuclein in Lewy Bodies","volume":"388","author":"Spillantini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pizarro-Galleguillos, B.M., Kunert, L., Br\u00fcggemann, N., and Prasuhn, J. (2022). Iron- and Neuromelanin-Weighted Neuroimaging to Study Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232213678"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101816","article-title":"Proteostasis in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Recent Development and Possible Implication in Diagnosis and Therapeutics","volume":"84","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"167932","article-title":"From Lysosomal Storage Disorders to Parkinson\u2019s Disease\u2014Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"435","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7965433","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7965433","article-title":"Mechanisms of Autoimmune Cell in DA Neuron Apoptosis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Recent Advancement","volume":"2022","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27372","article-title":"Movement Disorder Society Evidence-Based Medicine Committee International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Evidence-Based Medicine Review: Update on Treatments for the Motor Symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"33","author":"Fox","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322338","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Etiopathogenesis and Treatment","volume":"91","author":"Jankovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593822","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.593822","article-title":"Editorial: Non-Dopaminergic Systems in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Miguelez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00455","article-title":"On Cell Loss and Selective Vulnerability of Neuronal Populations in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Trudeau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00542-9","article-title":"Motor and Non-Motor Circuit Disturbances in Early Parkinson Disease: Which Happens First?","volume":"23","author":"Blesa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00065-9","article-title":"Staging of Brain Pathology Related to Sporadic Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"24","author":"Braak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu057","article-title":"Chronic Inflammation (Inflammaging) and Its Potential Contribution to Age-Associated Diseases","volume":"69","author":"Franceschi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2014.01.004","article-title":"Ageing and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Why Is Advancing Age the Biggest Risk Factor?","volume":"14","author":"Reeve","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.12.008","article-title":"Environmental Risk Factors and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses","volume":"23","author":"Bellou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2021.106113","article-title":"Environmental Neurotoxicants and Inflammasome Activation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease\u2014A Focus on the Gut-Brain Axis","volume":"142","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318294b3c8","article-title":"Exposure to Pesticides or Solvents and Risk of Parkinson Disease","volume":"80","author":"Pezzoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002839","article-title":"Rotenone, Paraquat, and Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"119","author":"Tanner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-011613-135937","article-title":"Environmental Toxins and Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"54","author":"Goldman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.9.7.7737458","article-title":"Mercury Exposure from \u201cSilver\u201d Tooth Fillings: Emerging Evidence Questions a Traditional Dental Paradigm","volume":"9","author":"Lorscheider","year":"1995","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pyatha, S., Kim, H., Lee, D., and Kim, K. (2022). Association between Heavy Metal Exposure and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Review of the Mechanisms Related to Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122467"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201900224","article-title":"Coordination of Platinum to \u03b1-Synuclein Inhibits Filamentous Aggregation in Solution","volume":"20","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-022-02509-1","article-title":"Life Style and Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"129","author":"Reichmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2020.01.005","article-title":"Stress and Cortisol in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"152","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luthra, N.S., Clow, A., and Corcos, D.M. (2022). The Interrelated Multifactorial Actions of Cortisol and Klotho: Potential Implications in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12121695"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott-Massey, A., Boag, M.K., Magnier, A., Bispo, D.P.C.F., Khoo, T.K., and Pountney, D.L. (2022). Glymphatic System Dysfunction and Sleep Disturbance May Contribute to the Pathogenesis and Progression of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112928"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2011.10.015","article-title":"Effect of Melatonin on \u03b1-Synuclein Self-Assembly and Cytotoxicity","volume":"33","author":"Ono","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.01.006","article-title":"Coffee, Caffeine, and Sleep: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"31","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13597","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13597","article-title":"Adenosine, Caffeine, and Sleep-Wake Regulation: State of the Science and Perspectives","volume":"31","author":"Reichert","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27115","article-title":"Past, Present, and Future of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Special Essay on the 200th Anniversary of the Shaking Palsy","volume":"32","author":"Obeso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101834","article-title":"Premotor, Nonmotor and Motor Symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A New Clinical State of the Art","volume":"84","author":"Sallem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00295-x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Involvement in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management","volume":"8","author":"Warnecke","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917499","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.917499","article-title":"New Understanding on the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Constipation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/2096595820902566","article-title":"The Gut-Brain Axis in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"5","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.1890330","article-title":"The Gut-Brain Axis and Parkinson Disease: Clinical and Pathogenetic Relevance","volume":"53","author":"Menozzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2009.08.007","article-title":"A Timeline for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"16","author":"Hawkes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25020","article-title":"Is Alpha-Synuclein in the Colon a Biomarker for Premotor Parkinson\u2019s Disease? Evidence from 3 Cases","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1841","article-title":"A Critical Analysis of Intestinal Enteric Neuron Loss and Constipation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-018-2856-4","article-title":"The Enteric Nervous System in PD: Gateway, Bystander Victim, or Source of Solutions","volume":"373","author":"Shannon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-022-00839-6","article-title":"Gut Microenvironmental Changes as a Potential Trigger in Parkinson\u2019s Disease through the Gut-Brain Axis","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm19044","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease: The Emerging Role of Gut Dysbiosis, Antibiotics, Probiotics, and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation","volume":"25","author":"Dutta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-022-00977-2","article-title":"Exploring the Multifactorial Aspects of Gut Microbiome in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"67","author":"Pavan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937555","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.937555","article-title":"Gut Microbiota: A Novel Therapeutic Target for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.02.003","article-title":"Animal models for preclinical Parkinson\u2019s research: An update and critical appraisal","volume":"Volume 252","author":"Cenci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2014.00155","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Animal Models and Dopaminergic Cell Vulnerability","volume":"8","author":"Blesa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.11.012","article-title":"The Role of Monogenic Genes in Idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"124","author":"Reed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5290.1197","article-title":"Mapping of a Gene for Parkinson\u2019s Disease to Chromosome 4q21-Q23","volume":"274","author":"Polymeropoulos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2015.07.011","article-title":"Animal Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: An Updated Overview","volume":"171","author":"Gubellini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2020.173060","article-title":"Classic and Evolving Animal Models in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"199","author":"Pingale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1821","article-title":"ATH434 Reverses Colorectal Dysfunction in the A53T Mouse Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Diwakarla","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2018.01.006","article-title":"Genomic DNA Levels of Mutant Alpha-Synuclein Correlate with Non-Motor Symptoms in an A53T Parkinson\u2019s Disease Mouse Model","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq038","article-title":"Extensive Enteric Nervous System Abnormalities in Mice Transgenic for Artificial Chromosomes Containing Parkinson Disease-Associated Alpha-Synuclein Gene Mutations Precede Central Nervous System Changes","volume":"19","author":"Kuo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Translational Inhibition of \u03b1-Synuclein by Posiphen Normalizes Distal Colon Motility in Transgenic Parkinson Mice","volume":"8","author":"Kuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00439-2","article-title":"Parkinson Mice Show Functional and Molecular Changes in the Gut Long before Motoric Disease Onset","volume":"16","author":"Gries","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.09.004","article-title":"MitoPark Transgenic Mouse Model Recapitulates the Gastrointestinal Dysfunction and Gut-Microbiome Changes of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"75","author":"Ghaisas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72903-w","article-title":"DJ-1 (Park7) Affects the Gut Microbiome, Metabolites and the Development of Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs)","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"2423","article-title":"Early Dysbiosis and Dampened Gut Microbe Oscillation Precede Motor Dysfunction and Neuropathology in Animal Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(68)90164-7","article-title":"6-hydroxy-dopamine induced degeneration of central monoamine neurons","volume":"5","author":"Ungerstedt","year":"1968","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kin, K., Yasuhara, T., Kameda, M., and Date, I. (2019). Animal Models for Parkinson\u2019s Disease Research: Trends in the 2000s. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215402"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2014.08.003","article-title":"Radiological Analysis of Gastrointestinal Dysmotility in a Model of Central Nervous Dopaminergic Degeneration: Comparative Study with Conventional in Vivo Techniques in the Rat","volume":"70","author":"Vegezzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6823561","article-title":"Chronic parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine-analog synthesis","volume":"219","author":"Ballard","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1997.tb00051.x","article-title":"Comparison of Key Steps in 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) Neurotoxicity in Rodents","volume":"81","author":"Samuelsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21010","article-title":"Behavioral models of Parkinsons disease in rodents: A new look at an old problem","volume":"21","author":"Meredith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.05.010","article-title":"Loss of Enteric Dopaminergic Neurons and Associated Changes in Colon Motility in an MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"207","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05771","article-title":"Gastrointestinal and Metabolic Function in the MPTP-Treated Macaque Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"6","author":"Delamarre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30230-7","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Risk Factors and Prevention","volume":"15","author":"Ascherio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00008-5","article-title":"Systemic Administration of Rotenone Produces Selective Damage in the Striatum and Globus Pallidus, but Not in the Substantia Nigra","volume":"753","author":"Ferrante","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.07.009","article-title":"Closing the Gap between Clinic and Cage: Sensori-Motor and Cognitive Behavioural Testing Regimens in Neurotoxin-Induced Animal Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"36","author":"Pienaar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642604","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.642604","article-title":"Pathophysiological Changes in the Enteric Nervous System of Rotenone-Exposed Mice as Early Radiological Markers for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Schaffernicht","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-019-0241-9","article-title":"Initiation of Parkinson\u2019s Disease from Gut to Brain by \u03b4-Secretase","volume":"30","author":"Ahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)01192-5","article-title":"Paraquat Elicited Neurobehavioral Syndrome Caused by Dopaminergic Neuron Loss","volume":"823","author":"Brooks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2002.0507","article-title":"Environmental Risk Factors and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Selective Degeneration of Nigral Dopaminergic Neurons Caused by the Herbicide Paraquat","volume":"10","author":"McCormack","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2019.02.011","article-title":"NADPH Oxidase Regulates Paraquat and Maneb-Induced Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration through Ferroptosis","volume":"417","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1148-z","article-title":"Revisiting the Paraquat-Induced Sporadic Parkinson\u2019s Disease-Like Model","volume":"56","author":"Zolezzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C100560200","article-title":"The Herbicide Paraquat Causes Up-Regulation and Aggregation of \u03b1-Synuclein in Mice: Paraquat and \u03b1-Synuclein","volume":"277","author":"McCormack","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlx092","article-title":"Oral Exposure to Paraquat Triggers Earlier Expression of Phosphorylated \u03b1-Synuclein in the Enteric Nervous System of A53T Mutant Human \u03b1-Synuclein Transgenic Mice","volume":"76","author":"Naudet","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3242","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14683","article-title":"Characterization of a Parkinson\u2019s disease rat model using an upgraded paraquat exposure paradigm","volume":"52","author":"Campos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-018-0066-0","article-title":"Ingestion of Subthreshold Doses of Environmental Toxins Induces Ascending Parkinsonism in the Rat","volume":"4","author":"Anselmi","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"S165","article-title":"Inflammatory Animal Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Herrera","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2000.0289","article-title":"The Single Intranigral Injection of LPS as a New Model for Studying the Selective Effects of Inflammatory Reactions on Dopaminergic System","volume":"7","author":"Herrera","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"487","article-title":"Fenbendazole Treatment May Influence Lipopolysaccharide Effects in Rat Brain","volume":"57","author":"Hunter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22012","article-title":"Intrastriatal Lipopolysaccharide Injection Induces Parkinsonism in C57\/B6 Mice","volume":"87","author":"Hunter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180330","article-title":"Diosgenin Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Parkinson\u2019s Disease by Inhibiting the TLR\/NF-\u039aB Pathway","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, I., Corrigan, F., Garg, S., Zhou, X.-F., and Bobrovskaya, L. (2021). Further Characterization of Intrastriatal Lipopolysaccharide Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease in C57BL\/6 Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147380"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0596fje","article-title":"Synthesis of Nitric Oxide in Postganglionic Myenteric Neurons during Endotoxemia: Implications for Gastric Motor Function in Rats","volume":"18","author":"Quintana","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350-e88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2009.01419.x","article-title":"Involvement of Cannabinoid-1 and Cannabinoid-2 Receptors in Septic Ileus","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2203020","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202203020","article-title":"Ghrelin Bridges DMV Neuropathology and GI Dysfunction in the Early Stages of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2008.05.004","article-title":"Radiological Study of Gastrointestinal Motor Activity after Acute Cisplatin in the Rat. Temporal Relationship with Pica","volume":"141","author":"Cabezos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1013","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00258.2014","article-title":"Gastric Dysregulation Induced by Microinjection of 6-OHDA in the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta of Rats Is Determined by Alterations in the Brain-Gut Axis","volume":"307","author":"Toti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. -Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"993","article-title":"The Utility of Breath Analysis in the Diagnosis and Staging of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Stott","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.08.069","article-title":"A Nigro\u2212Vagal Pathway Controls Gastric Motility and Is Affected in a Rat Model of Parkinsonism","volume":"153","author":"Anselmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13893","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13893","article-title":"Investigation of Nerve Pathways Mediating Colorectal Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Model Produced by Lesion of Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons","volume":"32","author":"Chai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12691","article-title":"Response of Colonic Motility to Dopaminergic Stimulation Is Subverted in Rats with Nigrostriatal Lesion: Relevance to Gastrointestinal Dysfunctions in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"27","author":"Levandis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14127","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14127","article-title":"Role of Enteric Dopaminergic Neurons in Regulating Peristalsis of Rat Proximal Colon","volume":"33","author":"Nakamori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-019-0146-z","article-title":"Constipation, Deficit in Colon Contractions and Alpha-Synuclein Inclusions within the Colon Precede Motor Abnormalities and Neurodegeneration in the Central Nervous System in a Mouse Model of Alpha-Synucleinopathy","volume":"8","author":"Rota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7934","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86917-5","article-title":"The Association of Enteric Neuropathy with Gut Phenotypes in Acute and Progressive Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"McQuade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21584","article-title":"Gut microbiome interventions in human health and diseases","volume":"39","author":"Nie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2974","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota\u2013Masters of Host Development and Physiology","volume":"11","author":"Sommer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2019.06.012","article-title":"Gut Microbiota, Dysbiosis and Colon Lavage","volume":"51","author":"Drago","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101347","article-title":"Potential Roles of Gut Microbiota and Microbial Metabolites in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"69","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.11.017","article-title":"Gut Microbiome in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: New Insights from Meta-Analysis","volume":"94","author":"Toh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13726","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13726","article-title":"Nigral Overexpression of \u03b1-Synuclein in a Rat Parkinson\u2019s Disease Model Indicates Alterations in the Enteric Nervous System and the Gut Microbiome","volume":"32","author":"Crowley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877078","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.877078","article-title":"Multi-Omics Integration in Mice with Parkinson\u2019s Disease and the Intervention Effect of Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"1479","article-title":"Effects of Gut Microbiota Alterations on Motor, Gastrointestinal, and Behavioral Phenotype in a Mouse Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Radisavljevic","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00441","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of fecal microbiome and pathologic processes in a rotenone induced mice model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u0103n\u0103u, A., Dumitrescu, L., Lefter, A., Tulb\u0103, D., and Popescu, B.O. (2021). Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth as Potential Therapeutic Target in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111663"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25522","article-title":"The Role of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"28","author":"Fasano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.02.019","article-title":"Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"20","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-021-00420-w","article-title":"Association of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1159\/000477990","article-title":"A Role for Neuronal Alpha-Synuclein in Gastrointestinal Immunity","volume":"9","author":"Stolzenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318822","article-title":"GI Infections Are Associated with an Increased Risk of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"69","author":"Nerius","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.018","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Regulate Motor Deficits and Neuroinflammation in a Model of Par-Kinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"167","author":"Sampson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, F.B., and Morais, V.A. (2021). PINK1: A Bridge between Mitochondria and Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11050371"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1405-y","article-title":"Intestinal Infection Triggers Parkinson\u2019s Disease-like Symptoms in Pink1\u2212\/\u2212 Mice","volume":"571","author":"Matheoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.08.019","article-title":"Short Chain Fatty Acids and Gut Microbiota Differ between Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Age-Matched Controls","volume":"32","author":"Unger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.02.003","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Differences between Healthy Older Adults and Individuals with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"112","author":"Nuzum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.04.019","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Parkinson Disease in a Northern German Cohort","volume":"1667","author":"Hopfner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerhardt, S., and Mohajeri, M.H. (2018). Changes of Colonic Bacterial Composition in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201804.0370.v1"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01184","article-title":"Analysis of the Gut Microflora in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"13","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00171","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Differs between Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients and Healthy Controls in Northeast China","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"153","article-title":"The Gut Mycobiome in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Cirstea","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875101","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.875101","article-title":"Integrated Microbiome and Host Transcriptome Profiles Link Parkinson\u2019s Disease to Blautia Genus: Evidence From Feces, Blood, and Brain","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.875261","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Longitudi-Nal Study of the Impacts on Disease Progression and the Use of Device-Assisted Therapies","volume":"14","author":"Lubomski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.06.003","article-title":"Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in a selected population of Parkinson\u2019s patients","volume":"65","author":"Pietrucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-01313-4","article-title":"Gut, Oral and Nasal Microbiota and Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"19","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-020-0112-6","article-title":"Characterizing dysbiosis of gut microbiome in PD: Evidence for overabundance of op-portunistic pathogens","volume":"6","author":"Wallen","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632482","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.632482","article-title":"Altered Actinobacteria and Firmicutes Phylum Associated Epitopes in Patients With Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26069","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Are Related to Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Clinical Phenotype","volume":"30","author":"Scheperjans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26942","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Parkinson\u2019s Disease Medications Have Distinct Signatures of the Gut Microbiome","volume":"32","author":"Debelius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-017-3700-7","article-title":"Analysis of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"162","author":"Petrov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27105","article-title":"The Nasal and Gut Microbiome in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Idiopathic Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder","volume":"33","author":"Pandey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.05.007","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease in Southern China","volume":"53","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.05.064","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Temporal Stability and Relations to Disease Progression","volume":"44","author":"Aho","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27581","article-title":"Unraveling Gut Microbiota in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Atypical Parkinsonism","volume":"34","author":"Barichella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1528-y","article-title":"Altered Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Cytokine Responses in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26307","article-title":"Colonic Bacterial Composition in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"30","author":"Keshavarzian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-017-0428-y","article-title":"Functional Implications of Microbial and Viral Gut Metagenome Changes in Early Stage L-DOPA-Na\u00efve Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients","volume":"9","author":"Bedarf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10812","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29173-4","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Bacteriophages as Its Overlooked Contributors","volume":"8","author":"Tetz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.02.016","article-title":"Alteration of the Fecal Microbiota in Chinese Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"70","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasegawa, S., Goto, S., Tsuji, H., Okuno, T., Asahara, T., Nomoto, K., Shibata, A., Fujisawa, Y., Minato, T., and Okamoto, A. (2015). Intestinal Dysbiosis and Lowered Serum Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142164"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-016-9001-4","article-title":"Structural Changes of Gut Microbiota in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Its Correlation with Clinical Features","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00328-5","article-title":"Short Chain Fatty Acids-Producing and Mucin-Degrading Intestinal Bacteria Predict the Progression of Early Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Nishiwaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01155","article-title":"The Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minato, T., Maeda, T., and Fujisawa, Y. (2017). Progression of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Is Associated with Gut Dysbiosis: Two-Year Follow-up Study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187307"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00574","article-title":"The Gut and Parkinson\u2019s Disease\u2014A Bidirectional Pathway","volume":"10","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.02.010","article-title":"Exploiting Gut Bacteriophages for Human Health","volume":"22","author":"Dalmasso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-016-0109-1","article-title":"Bacteriophage Infections of Microbiota Can Lead to Leaky Gut in an Experimental Rodent Model","volume":"8","author":"Tetz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1288","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00341.2012","article-title":"Critical Role of Gut Microbiota in the Production of Biologically Active, Free Catecholamines in the Gut Lumen of Mice","volume":"303","author":"Asano","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol. -Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2022.01.005","article-title":"The Faecal Metabolome and Mycobiome in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"95","author":"Gebeyehu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.10.066","article-title":"The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: From Motility to Mood","volume":"160","author":"Margolis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00037","article-title":"Exploring Braak\u2019s Hypothesis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Rietdijk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-018-2814-1","article-title":"The Concept of Alpha-Synuclein as a Prion-like Protein: Ten Years After","volume":"373","author":"Steiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0157-3","article-title":"The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Microbiota-Gut-Brain Communication","volume":"16","author":"Dalile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00218","article-title":"Gut Inflammation in Association With Pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.796288","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Interact With the Brain Through Systemic Chronic Inflammation: Implications on Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Aging","volume":"13","author":"Mou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miraglia, F., and Microbiome, C.E. (2019). Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Molecular Mimicry. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8030222"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134516","article-title":"Altered Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Permeability in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Pathological Highlight to Management","volume":"712","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01664-1","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"82","author":"Safarpour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24648","article-title":"Pathological \u03b1-synuclein in gastrointestinal tissues from pro-dromal Parkinson disease patients","volume":"79","author":"Stokholm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09944","article-title":"Enterotypes of the Human Gut Microbiome","volume":"473","author":"Arumugam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871710","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.871710","article-title":"Exploring the Causal Effect of Constipation on Parkinson\u2019s Disease Through Mediation Analysis of Microbial Data","volume":"12","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2019.03.021","article-title":"Probiotics Mixture Increases Butyrate, and Subsequently Rescues the Nigral Dopaminergic Neurons from MPTP and Rotenone-Induced Neurotoxicity","volume":"69","author":"Srivastav","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsieh, T.H., Kuo, C.W., and Hsieh, K.H. (2020). Probiotics Alleviate the Progressive Deterioration of Motor Functions in a Mouse Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10040206"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.10.014","article-title":"Probiotic Clostridium Butyricum Ameliorated Motor Deficits in a Mouse Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease via Gut Microbiota-GLP-1 Pathway","volume":"91","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_182","first-page":"117","article-title":"Use of Probiotics for the Treatment of Constipation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients","volume":"57","author":"Cassani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Minerva Gastroenterol. Dietol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.05.018","article-title":"Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic administration in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Tamtaji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.650053","article-title":"The Add-On Effect of Lactobacillus Plantarum PS128 in Patients With Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Pilot Study","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, A., Ali, R.A.R., and Manaf, M.R.A. (2020). Multi-Strain Probiotics (Hexbio) Containing MCP BCMC Strains Improved Constipation and Gut Motility in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Randomised Controlled Trial. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244680"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e772","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010998","article-title":"Probiotics for constipation in Parkinson disease: A randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"96","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003127","article-title":"Probiotics and Prebiotic Fiber for Constipation Associated with Parkinson Disease","volume":"87","author":"Barichella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S106284","article-title":"Nonmotor Gastrointestinal Disorders in Older Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Is There Hope?","volume":"11","author":"Georgescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1038928","article-title":"Probiotics for Constipation in Parkinson\u2019s: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"12","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S80","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000244","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: A New Old Kid on the Block for the Management of Gut Microbiota-Related Disease","volume":"48","author":"Cammarota","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.02.005","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on MPTP-Induced Parkinson\u2019s Dis-Ease Mice: Gut Microbiota, Glial Reaction and TLR4\/TNF-\u03b1 Signaling Pathway","volume":"70","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16163","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016163","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation to Treat Parkinson\u2019s Disease with Constipation: A Case Report","volume":"98","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22035","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000022035","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Therapy for Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Preliminary Study","volume":"99","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450122666210707122151","article-title":"Lipidomics as Tools for Finding Biomarkers of Intestinal Pathology: From Irritable Bowel Syndrome to Colorectal Cancer","volume":"23","author":"Moreno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-011-0698-5","article-title":"It\u2019s a Lipids World","volume":"37","author":"Bieberich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13474","article-title":"Lipid Landscapes and Pipelines in Membrane Homeostasis","volume":"510","author":"Holthuis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2020.09.060","article-title":"Recent Advances in Analytical Strategies for Mass Spectrometry-Based Lipidomics","volume":"1137","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.20342","article-title":"Multi-Dimensional Mass Spectrometry-Based Shotgun Lipidomics and Novel Strategies for Lipidomic Analyses","volume":"31","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom. Rev."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R800095-JLR200","article-title":"Update of the LIPID MAPS Comprehensive Classification System for Lipids","volume":"50","author":"Fahy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2011.00119","article-title":"Severe Alterations in Lipid Composition of Frontal Cortex Lipid Rafts from Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Incidental Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"17","author":"Fabelo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8251","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0502137","article-title":"A-Synuclein Gene Deletion Decreases Brain Palmitate Uptake and Alters the Palmitate Metabolism in the Absence of A-Synuclein Palmitate Binding","volume":"44","author":"Golovko","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31664","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M504894200","article-title":"A Combinatorial Code for the Interaction of \u03b1-Synuclein with Membranes","volume":"280","author":"Kubo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2017.1290928","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the 6-OHDA Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Is Mediated by a Reduction of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase","volume":"21","author":"Mori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3859","article-title":"Eicosanoid Stomrm in Infection and Inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Dennis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-016-9713-6","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects of PGE2 EP4 Signaling in Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Pradhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmun. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4763","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0681-5","article-title":"Prostaglandin EP2 Receptors Mediate Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Neuroprotective Effects on Dopaminergic Neurons","volume":"55","author":"Parga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06767-y","article-title":"Decreased Long-Chain Acylcarnitines from Insufficient \u03b2-Oxidation as Potential Early Diagnostic Markers for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"Saiki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2017.0002","article-title":"Cannabinoids in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"2","author":"Sancesario","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5345","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.904399","article-title":"High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) Based Quantitative Lipidomics Study of Ganglioside-NANA-3 Plasma to Establish Its Association with Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9617","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1525-17.2017","article-title":"Glucosylsphingosine promotes \u03b1-synuclein pathology in mutant GBA-associated parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Taguchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201600751r","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Fingolimod in Mouse Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000339395.41343.b3","article-title":"Total Cholesterol and the Risk of Parkinson Disease","volume":"72","author":"Mascitelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00328","article-title":"Dysregulated Lipid Metabolism and Its Role in \u03b1-Synucleinopathy in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"13","author":"Alecu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, D., Jenner, A.M., Shui, G., Cheong, W.F., Mitchell, T.W., Nealon, J.R., Kim, W.S., McCann, H., Wenk, M.R., and Halliday, G.M. (2011). Lipid Pathway Alterations in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Primary Visual Cortex. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017299"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2015.1005085","article-title":"LC\/MS Analysis of Cardiolipins in Substantia Nigra and Plasma of Rotenone-Treated Rats: Implication for Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"49","author":"Tyurina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18865","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160818865","article-title":"Major Alterations of Phosphatidylcholine and Lysophosphotidylcholine Lipids in the Substantia Nigra Using an Early Stage Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"16","author":"Farmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, R.B., Perotte, A.J., Zhou, B., Liong, C., Shorr, E.J., Marder, K.S., Kang, U.J., Waters, C.H., Levy, O.A., and Xu, Y. (2017). Elevated GM3 Plasma Concentration in Idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Lipidomic Analysis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172348"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3540","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25815","article-title":"Lipid Profiling of Parkin-Mutant Human Skin Fibroblasts","volume":"232","author":"Lobasso","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.11.028","article-title":"Lipidomic Analysis of \u03b1-Synuclein Neurotoxicity Identifies Stearoyl CoA Desaturase as a Target for Parkinson Treatment","volume":"73","author":"Fanning","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvano, C.D., Ventura, G., Sardanelli, A.M.M., Savino, L., Losito, I., De Michele, G., Palmisano, F., and Cataldi, T.R.I. (2019). Searching for Potential Lipid Biomarkers of Parkinson\u2019s Disease in Parkin-Mutant Human Skin Fibroblasts by HILIC-ESI-MS\/MS: Preliminary Findings. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133341"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1039\/C8AN01778F","article-title":"An NMR-Based Lipidomic Approach to Identify Parkinson\u2019s Disease-Stage Specific Lipoprotein-Lipid Signatures in Plasma","volume":"144","author":"Pizarro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-01733-3","article-title":"Lipid Analysis of the 6-Hydroxydopamine-Treated SH-SY5Y Cell Model for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"57","author":"Xicoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.9b00605","article-title":"Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Metabolomics and Lipidomics Study of Stool from Transgenic Parkinson\u2019s Disease Mice Following Immunotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Gill","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xicoy, H., Brouwers, J.F., Wieringa, B., and Martens, G.J.M. (2020). Explorative Combined Lipid and Transcriptomic Profiling of Substantia Nigra and Putamen in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9091966"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21669-4","article-title":"Metabolomics of Sebum Reveals Lipid Dysregulation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Sinclair","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02367-3","article-title":"Altered Ceramide Metabolism Is a Feature in the Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Spread of Alpha-Synuclein in Lewy Body Disorders","volume":"142","author":"Tammireddy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107512","article-title":"Paraquat Exposure Induces Parkinsonism by Altering Lipid Profile and Evoking Neuroinflammation in the Midbrain","volume":"169","author":"Tong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oizumi, H., Sugimura, Y., Totsune, T., Kawasaki, I., Ohshiro, S., Baba, T., Kimpara, T., Sakuma, H., Hasegawa, T., and Kawahata, I. (2022). Plasma Sphingolipid Abnormalities in Neurodegenerative Diseases. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279315"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.2c00578","article-title":"Lipidomic and Metallomic Alteration of Caenorhabditis Elegans after Acute and Chronic Manganese, Iron, and Zinc Exposure with a Link to Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"22","author":"Blume","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020542","article-title":"I-PLA2 Activation during Apoptosis Promotes the Exposure of Membrane Lysophosphatidylcholine Leading to Binding by Natural Immunoglobulin M Antibodies and Complement Activation","volume":"196","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00751-3","article-title":"Fatty Acid Incorporation Depicts Brain Activity in a Rat Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"807","author":"Hayakawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2014.04.001","article-title":"Metabolism and Function of Mitochondrial Cardiolipin","volume":"55","author":"Ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0924","article-title":"Mitochondrial Biology and Oxidative Stress in Parkinson Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Henchcliffe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20081386","article-title":"How Mitochondria Produce Reactive Oxygen Species","volume":"417","author":"Murphy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2018.11.003","article-title":"Sphingolipids in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Parkinsonism","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_236","first-page":"1141","article-title":"Lipidomics Prediction of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Severity: A Machine-Learning Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Avisar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2017.4175","article-title":"Metabolomics and Lipidomics Approaches in the Science of Probiotics: A Review","volume":"21","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung, H.-J., Lee, H., Na, G., Jung, H., Kim, D.-G., Shin, S.-I., Jung, S.-E., Choi, I.-D., Lee, J.-H., and Sim, J.-H. (2020). Metabolic and Lipidomic Profiling of Vegetable Juices Fermented with Various Probiotics. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10050725"},{"key":"ref_239","first-page":"8937","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Lipidomics as a Tool for Probiotics Evaluation","volume":"104","author":"Schifano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326789","article-title":"Gut Microbiome and Health: Mechanistic Insights","volume":"71","author":"Tilg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.03.010","article-title":"Lactococcus Lactis Subspecies Cremoris Elicits Protection Against Metabolic Changes Induced by a Western-Style Diet","volume":"159","author":"Naudin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201300224","article-title":"Probiotics Determine Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Effects in Hyperlipidemic Hamsters","volume":"58","author":"Stancu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757256","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.757256","article-title":"Lactobacillus Johnsonii N6.2 and Blueberry Phytophenols Affect Lipidome and Gut Microbiota Composition of Rats Under High-Fat Diet","volume":"8","author":"Teixeira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.01.025","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Modulation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Focus on Lipid Metabolism","volume":"41","author":"Bonfili","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003176","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.2003176","article-title":"Combined Berberine and Probiotic Treatment as an Effective Regimen for Improving Postprandial Hyperlipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Double Blinded Placebo Controlled Randomized Study","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/12\/2775\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:56:29Z","timestamp":1760126189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/12\/2775"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"references-count":245,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15122775"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15122775","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]}}}