{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T13:31:25Z","timestamp":1785504685647,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"West China of hospital, Sichuan university","award":["2021YFS0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFS0022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vitamin D has been suggested to play a role in the development of depression, but the nature of the relationship between the two is still not fully understood. Although some studies have shown an association between vitamin D deficiency and depression, others have yielded inconsistent or inconclusive results. As a result, further research is needed to better understand the relationship between vitamin D and depression. Objectives: This study aims to assess the association between serum vitamin D and the risk of depressive symptoms in individuals aged 20 years and older in the United States. Methods: We selected 7562 participants from the 2007\u20132018 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Participants\u2019 serum vitamin D levels were determined from laboratory data, and those with a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score of \u2265 10 were considered to have depressive symptoms. Associations between vitamin D and depressive symptoms were investigated using multiple logistic regression, subgroup analysis, and smoothed curve fitting. Results: In our study, 11.17% of the participants had depression. Multiple regression stratified analysis showed a significant inverse association between serum vitamin D and depression in the 29\u201339 years age group after full adjustment (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.31\u20130.95, p = 0.0316). This result was supported by subgroup analysis and smoothed curve fitting. Conclusions: The association between serum vitamin D and depressive status in US adults varied across populations. Among those aged 29\u201339 years, vitamin D supplementation tended to show a lower rate of depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15132947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T01:15:47Z","timestamp":1688001347000},"page":"2947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Negative Association between Serum Vitamin D Levels and Depression in a Young Adult US Population: A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES 2007\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3701-3169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiwen","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"West China Hospital, West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Rd., Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ka","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West China Hospital, West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Rd., Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.0609","article-title":"Association Between Physical Activity and Risk of Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Pearce","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.106666","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and depression in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"202","author":"Anglin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. 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