{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T18:13:03Z","timestamp":1765995183624,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium and phosphate metabolism, relating to bone health and preventing metabolic bone disorders such as rickets and osteomalacia. Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-OH-D values &lt;20 ng\/mL or 50 nmol\/L) is common also in Italian people; it is recommended to maintain levels above 30 ng\/mL (75 nmol\/L) in categories at risk. Supplementation and\/or fortification with either ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) or cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) aimed to modify this condition have commonly been proposed. Studies about vitamin D intake are numerous in the literature but not adequately designed and are very often incomplete in Mediterranean Countries such as in the Italian population. On these bases, we performed a survey to validate a frequency food questionnaire (FFQ) specifically created to rapidly assess dietary vitamin D intake in Italian people. For this aim, the data of questionnaires were compared with results derived in the same population from a designed 14-day frequency food diary (FFD). Overall, a good correlation between FFQ and FFD was observed (r = 0.89, p &lt; 0.001), both demonstrating a remarkably low vitamin D intake, irrespective of age and gender. Our data confirm that the vitamin D intake is very low in Italy, which likely contributes to hypovitaminosis D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15132969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T01:02:41Z","timestamp":1688086961000},"page":"2969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Dietary Vitamin D Intake in Italian Subjects: Validation of a Frequency Food Questionnaire (FFQ)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ranuccio","family":"Nuti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Gennari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Cavati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Pirrotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Gonnelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Caffarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Tei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Study Group on Metabolic Bone Disorders (GISMO), 00132 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3338-6339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Merlotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2018.09.014","article-title":"Vitamin D insufficiency: Definition, diagnosis and management","volume":"32","author":"Bouillon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract. 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