{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:33:41Z","timestamp":1791408821143,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A gluten-free diet (GFD) is the treatment of choice for gluten-related disorders. It has been associated with macro- and micronutrient deficiencies. Recently, consumption of arsenic-contaminated rice has raised concern because of the potential greater risk that it may represent for people on GFDs, whose rice consumption is high, since it is a fundamental cereal in GFDs. We reviewed the data published over the last 20 years in Medline and Scielo, in English, French and Spanish, on four metals (As, Hg, Cd, and Pb), to assess whether the evidence suggests that celiac disease or consumption of a GFD is associated with increased levels of blood\/urinary metal concentrations. The review revealed a few articles that were directly related to the four metals and their relationships with a GFD. The evidence supports that rice-based products are a relevant source of As and other metals. Clinical studies and evaluations based on NHANES have indicated that persons on GFDs have higher As and Hg blood\/urinary levels, suggesting that the diet and not the disease is responsible for it. The levels described are statistically significant compared to those of persons on complete diets, but far from toxic levels. The question of whether higher exposure to heavy metals associated with a GFD is biologically relevant remains unanswered and deserves study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15132975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:42:46Z","timestamp":1688344966000},"page":"2975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Heavy Metal and Rice in Gluten-Free Diets: Are They a Risk?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3759-2121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla A.","family":"Bascu\u00f1\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile"},{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Orostegu\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leda","family":"Roncoroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Doneda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0873-0759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Elli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Araya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640619844125","article-title":"European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) Guideline for Coeliac Disease and Other Gluten-Related Disorders","volume":"7","author":"Volta","year":"2019","journal-title":"United Eur. 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