{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T05:32:24Z","timestamp":1793165544403,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-002945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-002945"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dietary intake and biomarkers of micronutrient status of 100 non-pregnant women of reproductive age (NPWRA) were assessed to determine optimal levels of iron, zinc, vitamin B12, and folic acid to include in multiply-fortified salt (MFS) that will be evaluated in an upcoming trial. Weighed food records were obtained from participants to measure intake of micronutrients and discretionary salt, and to assess adequacy using Indian Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs). Statistical modeling was used to determine optimal fortification levels to reduce inadequate micronutrient intake while limiting intake above the upper limit. Fasting blood samples were obtained to assess iron, zinc, vitamin B12, and folate status. In usual diets, inadequate intake of iron (46%), zinc (95%), vitamin B12 (83%), and folate (36%) was high. Mean intake of discretionary salt was 4.7 g\/day. Prevalence estimates of anemia (37%), iron deficiency (67%), zinc deficiency (34%), vitamin B12 insufficiency (37%), and folate insufficiency (70%) were also high. Simulating the addition of optimized MFS to usual diets resulted in percentage point (pp) reductions in inadequate intake by 29 pp for iron, 76 pp for zinc, 81 pp for vitamin B12, and 36 pp for folate. MFS holds potential to reduce the burden of micronutrient deficiencies in this setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15133024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]],"date-time":"2023-07-04T01:38:32Z","timestamp":1688434712000},"page":"3024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Women in Selected Communities of Punjab, India Have a High Prevalence of Iron, Zinc, Vitamin B12, and Folate Deficiencies: Implications for a Multiply-Fortified Salt Intervention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yvonne E.","family":"Goh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94609, USA"},{"name":"International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA 94609, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari S.","family":"Manger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94609, USA"},{"name":"International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA 94609, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Duggal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reena","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shipra","family":"Saklani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surbhi","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepmala","family":"Budhija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6860-3698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manu","family":"Jamwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6598-9743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bidhi L.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Dahiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6253-5818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanqi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie M.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics\u2014Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Westcott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics\u2014Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy F.","family":"Krebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA 94609, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics\u2014Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalind S.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth H.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA 94609, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1231-9003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine M.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94609, USA"},{"name":"International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA 94609, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1590","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00367-9","article-title":"Micronutrient Deficiencies among Preschool-aged Children and Women of Reproductive Age Worldwide: A Pooled Analysis of Individual-level Data from population-representative 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