{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T23:55:07Z","timestamp":1770422107816,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&amp;D","award":["HR22C1605030022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR22C1605030022"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&amp;D","award":["NRF2020R1F1A1076452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF2020R1F1A1076452"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea grant","award":["HR22C1605030022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR22C1605030022"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea grant","award":["NRF2020R1F1A1076452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF2020R1F1A1076452"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Feeding behavior habits have a pattern with a certain tendency during infancy. We aimed to identify the associations between feeding patterns in infancy and the subsequent 10-year childhood disease burden. (2) Methods: Data from 236,372 infants were obtained from the national health insurance and screening program records in South Korea. Parent-administered questionnaires during infancy provided details on the feeding type and types\/frequency of complementary food for analyzing feeding patterns. The outcomes were all-cause hospitalization and the development of 15 representative childhood diseases until the age of 10 years. Anthropometric measurements obtained at 6 years of age were analyzed. To estimate outcome risks while considering multiple risk factors, we employed a Cox proportional hazard and modified Poisson regression. (3) Results: Three clusters were identified: high prevalence of breastfeeding with regular exposure to a variety of solid foods (n = 116,372, cluster 1), similar prevalence of breastfeeding and formula feeding with less exposure to solid foods (n = 108,189, cluster 2), and similar prevalence of breastfeeding and formula feeding with the least exposure to solid foods in infancy (n = 11,811, cluster 3). Compared with cluster 1, children in clusters 2 and 3 had increased risks of all-cause hospitalization (hazard ratio (HR), (95% confidence interval (CI)), 1.04 (1.03\u20131.06) and 1.08 (1.05\u20131.11), respectively). Children in clusters 2 and 3 had an increased risk of upper respiratory infection, pneumonia, and gastroenteritis, as well as neurobehavioral diseases. Overweight\/obesity at the age of 6 years was associated with clusters 2 and 3. (4) Conclusions: Feeding patterns in infancy were associated with an increased risk of childhood disease burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15133065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:47:35Z","timestamp":1688950055000},"page":"3065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Infant Feeding Pattern Clusters Are Associated with Childhood Health Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4945-0753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0145-7067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8863-5729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Kyo","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 07441, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gi Chun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5179-4013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeewon","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, 59, Yatap-ro, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hey-Sung","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 05355, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sun-Hee","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youn Ho","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yeouido St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 07345, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9077-5779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man Yong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, 59, Yatap-ro, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7124.21","article-title":"Relation of infant diet to childhood health: Seven year follow up of cohort of children in Dundee infant feeding study","volume":"316","author":"Wilson","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20191320","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-1320","article-title":"Timing of Complementary Feeding Introduction and Adiposity Throughout Childhood","volume":"144","author":"Gingras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1639-8","article-title":"Early introduction of complementary foods and childhood overweight in breastfed and formula-fed infants in the Netherlands: The PIAMA birth cohort study","volume":"57","author":"Pluymen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. 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