{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T14:28:54Z","timestamp":1776954534428,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Mapfre Guanarteme","award":["OA1\/129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OA1\/129"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The role of Vitamin D in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is controversial. The Canary Islands have the highest incidence of childhood-onset T1D in Spain and one of the highest in Europe. We aimed to evaluate 25OHVitamin D concentrations in a Canarian pediatric population, to assess the existence of seasonal variation, to study their association with T1D, and to evaluate the role of acidosis in its levels. In a retrospective, case-control study, we obtained data from 146 T1D patients (&lt;15 years of age) and 346 control children; 25OHVitamin D concentrations were assessed in serum by automatic ChemiLuminescence ImmunoAssay technology. We found significantly higher 25OHVitamin D levels in the summer and autumn months and an inverse correlation between T1D and age; 25OHVitamin D sufficiency was similar in both groups (44.5% vs. 45.1%), with significant differences in the percentage of patients presenting vitamin D deficiency (11.6% (T1D) vs. 16.4% (controls)). When stratified according to the presence of ketoacidosis at sampling, only patients with acidosis showed lower 25OHVitamin D concentrations than controls. Despite its subtropical geographic location, Vitamin D deficiency is frequent in children in Gran Canaria, and 25OHVitamin D concentrations show seasonal variation. After adjusting for acidosis, no differences were found between children with and without T1D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15133067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:47:35Z","timestamp":1688950055000},"page":"3067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["25OHVitamin D Levels in a Canarian Pediatric Population with and without Type 1 Diabetes: The Role of Acidosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9564-0654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeray","family":"N\u00f3voa-Medina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Endocrinolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n Canaria para la Investigaci\u00f3n Pedi\u00e1trica (ACIP Canarias), 35004 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas y Sanitarias, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Barreiro-Bautista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas y Sanitarias, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Perdomo-Quinteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6816-4157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas Mar\u00eda","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negr\u00edn, 35002 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Quinteiro-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Endocrinolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngela","family":"Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Endocrinolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Endocrinolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Endocrinolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Pavlovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Pediatr\u00eda, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7663-9308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"W\u00e4gner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas y Sanitarias, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Endocrinolog\u00eda y Nutrici\u00f3n, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-016-8592-1","article-title":"Beyond Genetics: What Causes Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2040408","article-title":"Nonclassical Vitamin D Actions","volume":"2","author":"Zittermann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-015-2524-6","article-title":"Vitamin D in childhood and adolescence: An expert position statement","volume":"174","author":"Saggese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2017.14.260","article-title":"The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes Patients: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"14","author":"Gregoriou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Diabet. Stud."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2175","article-title":"Global Consensus Recommendations on Prevention and Management of Nutritional Rickets","volume":"101","author":"Munns","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.208280","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency in School-Age Children Is Associated with Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors","volume":"145","author":"Voortman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737964","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.737964","article-title":"Environmental Determinants of Type 1 Diabetes: From Association to Proving Causality","volume":"12","author":"Quinn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.6.1128","article-title":"Use of cod liver oil during the first year of life is associated with lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: A large, population-based, case-control study","volume":"78","author":"Stene","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savastio, S., Cadario, F., Genoni, G., Bellomo, G., Bagnati, M., Secco, G., Picchi, R., Giglione, E., and Bona, G. (2016). Vitamin D Deficiency and Glycemic Status in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162554"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castano, L., Madariaga, L., Grau, G., and Garc\u00eda-Casta\u00f1o, A. (2022). 25(OH)Vitamin D Deficiency and Calcifediol Treatment in Pediatrics. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091854"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997631","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.997631","article-title":"Free, bioavailable 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and their association with diabetic ketoacidosis in children with type 1 diabetes at diagnosis","volume":"13","author":"Choe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"3010","article-title":"Genomic analyses of human European diversity at the southwestern edge: Isolation, African influence and disease associations in the Canary Islands","volume":"35","author":"Corrales","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2023, March 15). Available online: https:\/\/www.ine.es\/daco\/daco42\/bme\/c19.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1235-1","article-title":"The Genetic Contribution to Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Bakay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.3","article-title":"Seasonal changes in vitamin D status among Danish adolescent girls and elderly women: The influence of sun exposure and vitamin D intake","volume":"67","author":"Andersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30981-6","article-title":"Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and risk factors for susceptibility and infectivity in Wuhan: A retrospective observational study","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-0802","article-title":"Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration and Risk of Islet Autoimmunity","volume":"67","author":"Norris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06580-1","article-title":"Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: A birth-cohort study","volume":"358","author":"Reunanen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Infante, M., Ricordi, C., Sanchez, J., Clare-Salzler, M.J., Padilla, N., Fuenmayor, V., Chavez, C., Alvarez, A., Baidal, D., and Alejandro, R. (2019). Influence of Vitamin D on Islet Autoimmunity and Beta-Cell Function in Type 1 Diabetes. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092185"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930500288455","article-title":"Heterogeneity of vitamin D receptor gene association with celiac disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"38","author":"Pedro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7753(04)74494-2","article-title":"Asociaci\u00f3n de los polimorfismos del gen del receptor de la vitamina D con la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 en dos poblaciones espa\u00f1olas","volume":"123","author":"Esteban","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5114\/pedm.2018.80992","article-title":"Sustained serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations for one year with cholecalciferol supplementation improves glycaemic control and slows the decline of residual \u03b2 cell function in children with type 1 diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Panjiyar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2022-0044","article-title":"de C. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Nascimento","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1089","article-title":"Vitamin D levels in subjects with and without type 1 diabetes residing in a solar rich environment","volume":"32","author":"Bierschenk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965296","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.965296","article-title":"Vitamin D levels and Vitamin D-related gene polymorphisms in Chinese children with type 1 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2012.00890.x","article-title":"Serum vitamin D levels are lower in Australian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes than in children without diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Greer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.07.015","article-title":"Significant Vitamin D Deficiency in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"154","author":"Svoren","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2023, January 10). Available online: https:\/\/www.aemet.es\/es\/serviciosclimaticos\/datosclimatologicos\/valoresclimatologicos#tab2."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480802400487","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in healthy children in a sunny country: Associated factors","volume":"60","author":"Bener","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2040132.066","article-title":"Vitamin D insufficiency and its contributing factors in primary school-aged children in Indonesia, a sun-rich country","volume":"26","author":"Pulungan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2016-0137","article-title":"Vitamin D status in Israeli pediatric type 1 diabetes patients: The AWeSoMe Study Group experience and literature review","volume":"33","author":"Brody","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4321\/S1889-836X2021000400004","article-title":"La dieta como factor de riesgo de hipovitaminosis D en la poblaci\u00f3n pedi\u00e1trica espa\u00f1ola","volume":"13","author":"Arrospide","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Osteoporos. y Metab. Miner."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00103","article-title":"Vitamin D insufficiency in overweight and obese children and adolescents","volume":"10","author":"Zakharova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"124","article-title":"Prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad infantil en poblaci\u00f3n escolar de gran canaria","volume":"69","author":"Tercedor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01360-3","article-title":"The impact of vitamin D food fortification and health outcomes in children: A systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"9","author":"Alsheikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12342","article-title":"Low vitamin D level in pediatric patients with new onset type 1 diabetes is common, especially if in ketoacidosis","volume":"17","author":"Newfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12200","article-title":"Vitamin D levels during and after resolution of ketoacidosis in children with new onset Type 1 diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Devidayal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2008.00439.x","article-title":"The association between ketoacidosis and 25(OH)-vitamin D 3 levels at presentation in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"10","author":"Huynh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/13\/3067\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:08:03Z","timestamp":1760126883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/13\/3067"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15133067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15133067","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]}}}