{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:34:47Z","timestamp":1791556487810,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) is a spectrum of liver disease including cholestasis, biliary cirrhosis, steatohepatitis, and gallbladder disease in patients with intestinal failure (IF). The prevalence of IFALD varies considerably, with ranges of 40\u201360% in the pediatric population, up to 85% in neonates, and between 15\u201340% in the adult population. IFALD has a complex and multifactorial etiology; the risk factors can be parenteral nutrition-related or patient-related. Because of this, the approach to managing IFALD is multidisciplinary and tailored to each patient based on the etiology. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the etiology and pathophysiology of IFALD and examines the latest evidence regarding preventative measures, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies for IFALD and its associated complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T01:35:16Z","timestamp":1689644116000},"page":"3169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Current Insights Regarding Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease (IFALD): A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3166-1090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Zafirovska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Association of General Practice\/Family Medicine of South-East Europe (AGP\/FM SEE), St. Vladimir Komarov No. 40\/6, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1259-688X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Zafirovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"General Hospital Jesenice, Cesta Mar\u0161ala Tita 112, 4270 Jesenice, Slovenia"},{"name":"Clinical Institute of Radiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zalo\u0161ka Cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada","family":"Rotovnik Kozjek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Department for Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zalo\u0161ka Cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.08.017","article-title":"ESPEN endorsed recommendations. 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