{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:30:37Z","timestamp":1790760637734,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aging populations may be associated with increased nutritional risk, malnutrition, and food insecurity. This study aims to examine the relationship between food insecurity and nutritional risk, taking into account selected characteristics of the study group, and factors describing nutritional risk. It was conducted between May and July 2021, among 417 people aged 60 and older, in two regions of Poland. Questions from the SCREEN-14 questionnaire were used to assess nutritional risk. Selected questions from the HFSS questionnaire (U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module) concerning the elderly were used to assess food insecurity. A K-means cluster analysis was used to separate homogeneous clusters into food security indicators and nutritional risk factors. The Mann\u2013Whitney U test and Kruskal\u2013Wallis test were used to compare mean values between groups, and the Chi-square test was used to verify the differences. Two clusters were distinguished: I\u2014\u201clow food security and high nutritional risk\u201d and II\u2014\u201chigh food security and low nutritional risk\u201d. Cluster I included people aged 60\u201365, and over 75, living in urban areas, living alone or with family, with unfavorable economic situations and family relationships. Cluster II was composed of people aged 71\u201375, who were rural residents, living with a partner, with favorable economic situations and family relations. The vast majority of nutritional risk factors were found in Cluster I and among those at high nutritional risk. The largest number of people were affected by such nutritional risk factors such as difficulty in chewing or biting, loss in appetite, skipping meals, and perceiving one\u2019s weight as abnormal. Moreover, the group of people most significantly affected by high nutritional risk were in unfavorable economic situations, had poor family relationships, lived alone or with family, rated their health as worse than their peers, were overweight and obese, had metabolic disease, or impeding mobility. The results obtained can be applied to the planning of social and health policies for the elderly in Poland.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T01:12:28Z","timestamp":1690161148000},"page":"3232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Relationship between Food Insecurity and Nutritional Risk among Older Adults in Poland\u2014A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7957-918X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Gajda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego 37, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4140-4824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzena","family":"Je\u017cewska-Zychowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Market and Consumer Research, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"B\u0142\u0119dowski, P., Grodzicki, T., Mossakowska, M., and Zdrojewski, T. (2021). Badania Poszczeg\u00f3lnych Obszar\u00f3w Stanu Zdrowia Os\u00f3b Starszych, w tym Jako\u015bci \u017bycia Zwi\u0105zanej ze Zdrowiem. POLSENIOR 2, Wydawnictwo Gda\u0144ski Uniwersytet Medyczny."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023, March 10). Ludno\u015b\u0107 rezyduj\u0105ca\u2014Informacja o Wynikach Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego Ludno\u015bci i Mieszka\u0144 2021, Available online: https:\/\/stat.gov.pl\/obszary-tematyczne\/ludnosc\/ludnosc\/ludnosc-rezydujaca-dane-nsp-2021,44,1.html."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/01634372.2022.2098443","article-title":"Understanding the experiences of food insecurity in older adults households","volume":"66","author":"Aday","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Soc. Work"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majowicz, S.E., Meyer, S.B., Kirkpatric, S.I., Graham, J.L., Shaikh, A., Elliott, S.J., Minaker, L.M., Scott, S., and Laird, B. (2016). Food, health, and complexity: Towards a conceptual understanding to guide collaborative public health action. BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3142-6"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-7622-8-2","article-title":"Conceptualising population health: From mechanistic thinking to complexity science","volume":"8","author":"Jayasinghe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Themes Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.78","article-title":"Country-specific dietary patterns and associations with socioeconomic status in European children: The IDEFICS study","volume":"68","author":"Bammann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515000604","article-title":"Diet quality in older age: The influence of childhood and adult socio-economic circumstances","volume":"113","author":"Atkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.17.1.237","article-title":"Taste preferences and food intake","volume":"17","author":"Drewnowski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.1.28","article-title":"Food preferences and reported frequencies of food consumption as predictors of current diet in young women","volume":"70","author":"Drewnowski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2012.05948.x","article-title":"Health, lifestyle, belief and knowledge differences between two ethnic groups with specific reference to tobacco, diet and physical activity","volume":"68","author":"Anthony","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2012.198","article-title":"Cultural differences in parental feeding practices and children\u2019s eating behaviours and their relationships with child BMI: A comparison of Black Afro-Caribbean, White British and White German samples","volume":"67","author":"Blissett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temple, N.J., Wilson, T., and Jacobs, D.R. (2012). Nutritional Health. Strategies for Disease Prevention, Humana Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-894-8"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2014.10.014","article-title":"Policies and politics of the US food supply","volume":"115","author":"Zizza","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.07.015","article-title":"Rationale and evidence for menu labeling legislation","volume":"37","author":"Roberto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2011.06.004","article-title":"Legislative solutions to unhealthy eating and obesity in Australia","volume":"125","author":"MacKay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.1.265S","article-title":"The economics of obesity: Dietary energy density and energy cost","volume":"82","author":"Drewnowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"598","article-title":"Health and nutrition economics: Diet costs are associated with diet quality","volume":"18","author":"Lo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8603-2-4","article-title":"Uneven dietary development: Linking the policies and processes of globalization with the nutrition transition, obesity and diet-related chronic diseases","volume":"2","author":"Hawkes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dal053","article-title":"Trade liberalization and the diet transition: A public health response","volume":"21","author":"Rayner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Promot. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665112002868","article-title":"Food reformulation: The challenges to the food industry","volume":"72","author":"Buttriss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Nestle, M. (2013). Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health, University of California Press."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.04.003","article-title":"Disentangling neighborhood contextual associations with child body mass index, diet, and physical activity: The role of built, socioeconomic, and social environments","volume":"95","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"183","article-title":"The association between the built environment and dietary intake-a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Rahmanian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404210","article-title":"Household income, food insecurity and nutrition in Canadian youth","volume":"103","author":"Mark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2011.12.020","article-title":"Use of concept mapping to explore the influence of food security on food buying practices","volume":"112","author":"Walker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16971","article-title":"Food Insecurity Among Older Adults: 10-Year National Trends and Associations with Diet Quality","volume":"69","author":"Leung","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.37527\/2022.72.4.005","article-title":"Food insecurity and malnutrition in older adults from the Family Health Strategy in the Northeast of Brazil","volume":"72","author":"Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Latinoam. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2018.06.004","article-title":"Food insecurity, weight and nutritional status among older adults attending senior centers in Lisbon","volume":"78","author":"Ramalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2022.112054","article-title":"Relationship between food insecurity and geriatric syndromes in older adults: A multicenter study in Turkey: A multicenter study in Turkey","volume":"172","author":"Kevser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-015-0433-1","article-title":"Systems, food security and human health","volume":"7","author":"Friel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s40066-018-0195-z","article-title":"The intersection of food insecure populations in the Midwest U.S. and rates of chronic health conditions","volume":"7","author":"Dominick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.06.006","article-title":"Overlapping geographic clusters of food security and health: Where do social determinants and health outcomes converge in the U.S?","volume":"5","author":"Leonard","year":"2018","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011000747","article-title":"Food shopping habits, physical activity and health-related indicators among adults aged >\/= 70 years","volume":"14","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2012.05.006","article-title":"The local food environment and diet: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Caspi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.5264\/eiyogakuzashi.71.290","article-title":"Relationship between geographic factor induced food availability and food intake status: A systematic review","volume":"71","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jap. J. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.03.015","article-title":"Food insecurity, social capital and perceived personal disparity in a predominantly rural region of Texas: An individual-level analysis","volume":"72","author":"Dean","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2013-202513","article-title":"Economic determinants of diet in older adults: Systematic review","volume":"67","author":"Conklin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/19320248.2015.1066731","article-title":"Utilization of social support among food insecure individuals: A qualitative examination of network strategies and appraisals","volume":"11","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hunger Environ. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"IC01","article-title":"The relationship between social support and fooinsecurity inin pregnant women: A cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Sharifi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.5.1503","article-title":"Nutritional and health consequences are associated with food insecurity","volume":"131","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)01229-3","article-title":"Consensus of the Nutrition Screening Initiative: Risk factors and indicators of poor nutritional status in older Americans","volume":"91","author":"White","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1994). Identifying patients at risk: ADA\u2019s definitions for nutrition screening and nutrition assessment. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 94, 838\u2013839.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8223(94)92357-4"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.26444\/monz\/97368","article-title":"Zachowania \u017cywieniowe s\u0142uchaczek uniwersytetu trzeciego wieku ze \u015brodowiska krakowskiego\u2014wybrane uwarunkowania","volume":"24","author":"Gacek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Og\u00f3Lna I Nauk. O Zdrowiu"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"303","article-title":"Specyfika zachowa\u0144 \u017cywieniowych os\u00f3b starszych pochodz\u0105cych ze \u015brodowiska wiejskiego","volume":"68","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kosmos. Probl. Nauk. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"207","article-title":"Assessment and management of nutrition in older people and its importance to health","volume":"5","author":"Ahmed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"274","article-title":"Nutritional risk and time to death; predictive validity of SCREEN (Seniors in the Community Risk Evaluation for Eating and Nutrition)","volume":"7","author":"Keller","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.1.M68","article-title":"Nutritional risk predicts quality of life in elderly community-living Canadians","volume":"59","author":"Keller","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.06.013","article-title":"The SCREEN I (Seniors in the Community: Risk Evaluation for Eating and Nutrition) index adequately represents nutritional risk","volume":"59","author":"Keller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2012.06.015","article-title":"Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Food and nutrition for older adults: Promoting health and wellness","volume":"112","author":"Bernstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.3.551","article-title":"Nutritional risk assessment and obesity in rural older adults: A sex difference","volume":"77","author":"Ledikwe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clinic. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2023, March 11). Older Adult Nutrition Screening. Available online: https:\/\/olderadultnutritionscreening.com."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2023, June 27). Sytuacja Os\u00f3b Starszych w Polsce w 2020 r, Available online: https:\/\/stat.gov.pl\/files\/gfx\/portalinformacyjny\/pl\/defaultaktualnosci\/6002\/2\/3\/1\/sytuacja_osob_starszych_w_polsce_w_2020_r.pdf."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Medical Association (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 310, 2191\u20132194.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2022, September 15). HFSS (U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module), Available online: https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/topics\/food-nutrition-assistance\/food-security-in-the-u-s\/survey-tools\/#household."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019, February 05). Body Mass Index\u2014BMI. Available online: http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/disease-prevention\/nutrition\/ahealthy-lifestyle\/body-mass-index-bmi."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102089-0.00014-5","article-title":"Statistical approaches to consumer segmentation","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Berget","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods in Consumer Research"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14006","article-title":"Factors contributing to food insecurity among older person in Malaysia: Finding from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2018","volume":"20","author":"Salleh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"467","article-title":"Estado nutricional asociado a caracter\u00edsticas sociodemogr\u00e1ficasen el adulto mayor peruano","volume":"31","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Peru Med. Exp. Salud P\u00fabl."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"4565","article-title":"Health status correlates of malnutrition in the Polish elderly population\u2014Results of the Polsenior Study","volume":"20","author":"Chudek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Encalada-Torres, J., Abril-Ulloa, V., Wong, S., Alvarado-Romero, S., Brdoya-Ortega, M., and Encalada-Torres, L. (2022). Socioeconomic status and nutritional status as predictors of food insecurity in older adults: A case study from southern Ecuador. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095469"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2952","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980014002912","article-title":"Socio-economic characteristics, living conditions and diet quality are associated with food insecurity in France","volume":"18","author":"Bocquier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00203","article-title":"Food Insecurity in Older Adults: Results from the Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases Cohort Study 3","volume":"5","author":"Fernandes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"13","article-title":"Child food insecurity in the UK: A rapid review","volume":"6","author":"Cruickshank","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32868-X","article-title":"Use of the food insecurity experience scale to assess food security status in Ireland, 2014\u20132017: A cross-sectional analysis","volume":"392","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2018.01.005","article-title":"Prevalence of food insecurity among food bank users in Germany and its association with population characteristics","volume":"9","author":"Depa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Measuring housing poverty in Poland: A multidimensional analysis","volume":"1","author":"Ulman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hous. Stud."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.2753\/EEE0012-8775500503","article-title":"Social policy and poverty. Checking the efficiency of the social assistance system in Poland","volume":"50","author":"Szulc","year":"2012","journal-title":"East. Eur. Econ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dudek, H., and Myszkowska-Ryciak, J. (2020). The Prevalence and Socio-Demographic Correlates of Food Insecurity in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176221"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"92","article-title":"Health status and its socio-economic covariates in the older population in Poland\u2014The assumptions and methods of the nationwide, cross-sectional PolSenior2 survey","volume":"18","author":"Wierucki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-014-0572-7","article-title":"Social and economic correlates of malnutrition in Polish elderly population: The results of PolSenior study","volume":"19","author":"Mossakowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krzymi\u0144ska-Siemaszko, R., Deskur-\u015amielecka, E., Kalu\u017aniak-Szymanowska, A., Kaczmarek, B., Kujawska-Danecka, H., Klich-R\u0105czka, A., Mossakowska, M., Ma\u0142gorzewicz, S., Dworak, L.B., and Kostka, T. (2021). Socioeconomic Risk Factors of Poor Nutritional Status in Polish Elderly Population: The Results of PolSenior2 Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124388"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2018.10.009","article-title":"Food insecurity increases the risk of malnutrition among community-dewelling older adults","volume":"119","author":"Grammatikopoulou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-009-9508-8","article-title":"Ageing, health and life satisfaction of the oldest old: An analysis for Germany","volume":"97","author":"Gwozdz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Indicat. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585813","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.585813","article-title":"A Polish and German Population Study of Quality of Life, Well-Being, and Life Satisfaction in Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Bidzan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamulka, J., Frackiewicz, J., Stasiewicz, B., Jeruszka-Bielak, M., Piotrowska, A., Leszczynska, T., Niedzwiedzka, E., Brzozowska, A., and Wadolowska, L. (2021). Socioeconomic, Eating- and Health-Related Limitations of Food Consumption among Polish Women 60+ Years: The \u2018ABC of Healthy Eating\u2019 Project. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010051"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"1","article-title":"The impact of emotional social support on Elders\u2019food security","volume":"10","author":"Woltil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Today"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.011254","article-title":"Risk Factors for Malnutrition in Older Adults: A systematic review of the literature based on longitudinal data","volume":"7","author":"Matthys","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.07.001","article-title":"Food insecurity, comorbidity, and mobility limitations among older U.S. adults: Findings from the health and retirement study and health care and nutrition study","volume":"114","author":"Bishop","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.24816\/jcgg.2017.v8i1.06","article-title":"Influence of socio-economic and psychosocial factors on food insecurity and nutritional status of older adults in FELDA settlement in Malaysia","volume":"8","author":"Hudin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232018249.22962017","article-title":"Vulnerability and associated factors among older people using the Family Health Strategy","volume":"24","author":"Cabral","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ci\u00ean. Sa\u00fade Colet."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"2022","article-title":"Inseguridad alimentaria en hogares donde habitan adultos mayores. Medell\u00edn, Colombia","volume":"40","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Fac. Nac. Salud P\u00fabl."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_61_19","article-title":"Food Insecurity and Dietary Intake Among Elderly Population: A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Zarei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuab044","article-title":"Food insecurity and nutritional status among older adults: A systematic review","volume":"80","author":"Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s40496-018-0175-1","article-title":"Oral health and dietary intake in older adults","volume":"5","author":"Fukutake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Oral Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.12.007","article-title":"Potentially modifiable determinants of malnutrition in older adults: A systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Kelly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980022002415","article-title":"Senior food insecurity in the USA: A systematic literature review","volume":"26","author":"Assoumou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/14\/3232\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:16:14Z","timestamp":1760127374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/14\/3232"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15143232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15143232","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]}}}