{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:56:20Z","timestamp":1792173380590,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]],"date-time":"2023-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III\/MICINN of Spain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI20\/01758"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/01758"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III\/MICINN of Spain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PREDIGES RTC2019-007406-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PREDIGES RTC2019-007406-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["PI20\/01758"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/01758"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["PREDIGES RTC2019-007406-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PREDIGES RTC2019-007406-1"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["PI20\/01758"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/01758"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["PREDIGES RTC2019-007406-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PREDIGES RTC2019-007406-1"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n of Spain","award":["PI20\/01758"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/01758"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n of Spain","award":["PREDIGES RTC2019-007406-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PREDIGES RTC2019-007406-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A Mediterranean diet (MedDiet)-based intervention reduces the rate of immediate postpartum maternal metabolic disorders. Whether these effects persist long-term remains to be determined. A total of 2526 normoglycemic women were randomized before the 12th gestational week (GW). IG women followed a MedDiet with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) (&gt;40 mL\/day) and a handful of nuts daily, whereas CG women had to restrict all kinds of dietary fat. At 3 months postpartum, a motivational lifestyle interview was held. The endpoint of the study evaluated the rate of abnormal glucose regulation (AGR) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) at 3 years postpartum in women of the San Carlos cohort. A total of 369\/625 (59%) CG women and 1031\/1603 (64.3%) IG women were finally analyzed. At 3 months and 3 years postdelivery, the IG women showed higher adherence to the MedDiet, which was associated with lower values of body mass index (BMI) and lipid and glycemic profiles. Body weight change and waist circumference were lower in the IG women. After applying multiple regression analysis, the ORs (95%CI) resulted in AGR (3.18 (2.48\u20134.08); p &lt; 0.001)\/MetS (3.79 (1.81\u20137.95); p = 0.001) for women with GDM and higher OR for development of MetS in CG women (3.73 (1.77\u20137.87); p = 0.001). A MedDiet-based intervention early in pregnancy demonstrated persistent beneficial effects on AGR and MetS rates at 3 years postpartum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T01:12:28Z","timestamp":1690161148000},"page":"3252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["An Early Mediterranean-Based Nutritional Intervention during Pregnancy Reduces Metabolic Syndrome and Glucose Dysregulation Rates at 3 Years Postpartum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Melero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0394-1223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Arnoriaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2383-1563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Barabash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Medicina II Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4562-5381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Valerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6154-0869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"del Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocio","family":"Martin O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Paz","family":"de Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Medicina II Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Angel","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Medicina II Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Familiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Moraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Medicina II Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mart\u00edn","family":"Cuesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Torrejon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Martinez-Novillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisela","family":"Romera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Runkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Medicina II Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4782-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Pazos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0495-6240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Medicina II Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9844-3755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Matia-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Medicina II Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3628-9323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso Luis","family":"Calle-Pascual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Medicina II Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, April 22). IDF Diabetes Atlas. Available online: https:\/\/www.idf.org\/e-library\/epidemiology-research\/diabetes-atlas\/159-idf-diabetes-atlas-ninth-edition-2019.html."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60731-5","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"373","author":"Bellamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1361","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1361","article-title":"Progression to type 2 diabetes in women with a known history of gestational diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"369","author":"Vounzoulaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000585","article-title":"Risk Factors for Progression From Gestational Diabetes to Postpartum Type 2 Diabetes: A Review","volume":"64","author":"Bengtson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.10.1862","article-title":"Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99993-4","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus and the role of intercurrent type 2 diabetes on long-term risk of cardiovascular events","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00144","article-title":"History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in US Women","volume":"8","author":"Shostrom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plows, J.F., Stanley, J.L., Baker, P.N., Reynolds, C.M., and Vickers, M.H. (2018). The Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113342"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2018.09.004","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms, Treatment, and Complications","volume":"29","author":"Johns","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac003","article-title":"A Clinical Update on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"43","author":"Sweeting","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A.K., Singh, S., Singh, H., Mahajan, D., Kolli, P., Mandadapu, G., Kumar, B., Kumar, D., Kumar, S., and Jena, M.K. (2022). Deep Insight of the Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172672"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2021.1945009","article-title":"Effects of pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain on adverse pregnancy outcomes and complications of GDM","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2021-0058","article-title":"Correlation between obesity, gestational diabetes mellitus, and pregnancy outcomes: An overview","volume":"33","author":"Zehravi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Adolesc. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2011.01292.x","article-title":"Risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus: Implications for the application of screening guidelines","volume":"51","author":"Teh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2003.00985.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus and its association with Type 2 diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Yogev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.05.010","article-title":"Prevalence of gestational diabetes and subsequent Type 2 diabetes among U.S. women","volume":"141","author":"Casagrande","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90832-0","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in women with previous gestational diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Kaiser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.03.030","article-title":"High risk of metabolic syndrome after delivery in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes","volume":"150","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59153","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.59153","article-title":"Underlying dyslipidemia postpartum in women with a recent GDM pregnancy who develop type 2 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mijatovic-Vukas, J., Capling, L., Cheng, S., Stamatakis, E., Louie, J., Wah Cheung, N., Markovic, T., Ross, G., Senior, A., and Brand-Miller, J.C. (2018). Associations of Diet and Physical Activity with Risk for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060698"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Wattar, B.H., Dodds, J., Placzek, A., Beresford, L., Spyreli, E., Moore, A., Gonzalez Carreras, F.J., Austin, F., Murugesu, N., and Roseboom, T.J. (2019). Mediterranean-style diet in pregnant women with metabolic risk factors (ESTEEM): A pragmatic multicentre randomised trial. PLoS Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002857"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assaf-Balut, C., de la Torre, N.G., Dur\u00e1n, A., Bordiu, E., del Valle, L., Familiar, C., Valerio, J., Jimenez, I., Herraiz, M.A., and Izquierdo, N. (2019). An Early, Universal Mediterranean Diet-Based Intervention in Pregnancy Reduces Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the \u201cFourth Trimester\u201d. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091499"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.09.005","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and abnormal glucose tolerance development after gestational diabetes: A three-year, prospective, randomized, clinical-based, Mediterranean lifestyle interventional study with parallel groups","volume":"34","author":"Barca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13122","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13122","article-title":"Effects of lifestyle intervention on long-term risk of diabetes in women with prior gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assaf-Balut, C., Garc\u00eda De La Torre, N., Dur\u00e1n, A., Fuentes, M., Bordi\u00fa, E., Del Valle, L., Familiar, C., Ortol\u00e1, A., Jim\u00e9nez, I., and Herraiz, M.A. (2017). A Mediterranean diet with additional extra virgin olive oil and pistachios reduces the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): A randomized controlled trial: The St. Carlos GDM prevention study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185873"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12442","article-title":"Lifestyle intervention can reduce the risk of gestational diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15467","article-title":"Improving the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions for gestational diabetes prevention: A meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"126","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amati, F., Hassounah, S., and Swaka, A. (2019). The Impact of Mediterranean Dietary Patterns During Pregnancy on Maternal and Offspring Health. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051098"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0179","article-title":"Introduction of IADPSG criteria for the screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus results in improved pregnancy outcomes at a lower cost in a large cohort of pregnant women: The St. Carlos Gestational Diabetes Study","volume":"37","author":"Duran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70517","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-0037.2020v22e70517","article-title":"International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) Global: International accreditation scheme of the competent anthropometrist","volume":"22","author":"Vieira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Cineantropom. Desempenho Hum."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anthropometric Markers as a Paradigm for Obesity Risk Assessment","volume":"8","author":"Mangla","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.135566","article-title":"A Short Screener Is Valid for Assessing Mediterranean Diet Adherence among Older Spanish Men and Women","volume":"141","author":"Estruch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De La Torre, N.G., Assaf-Balut, C., Varas, I.J., Del Valle, L., Dur\u00e1n, A., Fuentes, M., Del Prado, N., Bordi\u00fa, E., Valerio, J.J., and Herraiz, M.A. (2019). Effectiveness of following mediterranean diet recommendations in the real world in the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (Gdm) and adverse maternal-foetal outcomes: A prospective, universal, interventional study with a single group. the st carlos study. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061210"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S002","article-title":"2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142023","volume":"46","author":"ElSayed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avdiab.2011.09.003","article-title":"Revised waist circumference cut-off points for the criteria of abdominal obesity in the Spanish population: Multicenter nationwide Spanish population based study","volume":"27","author":"Gabriel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Av. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-013-0468-8","article-title":"Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Spain using regional cutoff points for waist circumference: The di@bet.es study","volume":"50","author":"Marcuello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","article-title":"Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity","volume":"120","author":"Alberti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogn.2021.10.007","article-title":"Systematic Review of Lifestyle Interventions for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period","volume":"51","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2017.11.012","article-title":"Designing a lifestyle intervention to reduce risk of type 2 diabetes in postpartum mothers following gestational diabetes: An online survey with mothers and health professionals","volume":"220","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00230","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.230","article-title":"Diabetes prevention interventions for women after gestational diabetes mellitus: An overview of reviews","volume":"4","author":"Krogh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2010.08.019","article-title":"Nutritional risk factors of early development of postpartum prediabetes and diabetes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02477","article-title":"Effects of a Lifestyle Intervention During Pregnancy and First Postpartum Year: Findings From the RADIEL Study","volume":"103","author":"Huvinen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001060","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-001060","article-title":"\u03b2-Cell function or insulin resistance was associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes among women with or without obesity and a history of gestational diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7417356","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7417356","article-title":"Long-Term Postpartum Outcomes of Insulin Resistance and \u03b2-cell Function in Women with Previous Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"2020","author":"Miao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2016.04.026","article-title":"The impact of switching to the one-step method for GDM diagnosis on the rates of postpartum screening attendance and glucose disorder in women with prior GDM. The San Carlos Gestational Study","volume":"30","author":"Lara","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0130","article-title":"Gestational diabetes with diabetes and prediabetes risks: A large observational study","volume":"179","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gantenbein, K.V., and Kanaka-Gantenbein, C. (2021). Mediterranean Diet as an Antioxidant: The Impact on Metabolic Health and Overall Wellbeing. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061951"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1430","article-title":"Persistence of Risk for Type 2 Diabetes After Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"45","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2021.107854","article-title":"Risk factors associated with postpartum impaired glucose regulation in women with previous gestational diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Bianchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/14\/3252\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:17:09Z","timestamp":1760127429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/14\/3252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15143252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15143252","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]]}}}