{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T02:55:10Z","timestamp":1783997710089,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","award":["2023-JC-QN-0895"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0895"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","award":["202208159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202208159"]}]},{"name":"Science Research on Chronic Disease Prevention in Children","award":["2023-JC-QN-0895"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0895"]}]},{"name":"Science Research on Chronic Disease Prevention in Children","award":["202208159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202208159"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Although studies have suggested that dietary interventions may have potential benefits over conventional medical treatments, research on the association between dietary patterns and hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) in pregnant women is scarce. (2) Methods: To explore the relationship between dietary patterns and the risk of HG, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Xi\u2019an, China from April 2021 to September 2022. Dietary intake was assessed by a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire, and then factor analysis was used to derive dietary patterns. HG was defined as persistent and severe nausea and vomiting with weight loss \u2265 5%, pregnancy-unique quantification of emesis (PUQE) score \u2265 13, or hospitalization due to vomiting. Logistic regression models were used to estimate ORs and 95% CIs for HG according to dietary pattern scores. Stratified analyses and tests for interaction were performed by potential confounders. (3) Results: Of the 3122 pregnant women enrolled, 2515 individuals (mean age: 31.2 \u00b1 3.4 years) were included in the final analysis. In total, 226 (8.9%) pregnant women were identified as having HG. Five dietary patterns were identified. After adjusting for covariates, the highest quartile of the \u201cfish, shrimp and meat\u201d and \u201cegg, milk and water drinking\u201d patterns was associated with a 37% and 58% lower risk of HG compared with the lowest quartile, respectively (p-trend &lt; 0.05). Conversely, the highest quartile of the \u201cbeverage\u201d pattern was associated with a 64% higher risk of HG compared with the lowest quartile (p-trend = 0.02). Furthermore, significant interactions were observed between the \u201cegg, milk and water drinking\u201d pattern and parity, employment status and nutritional supplement use (p-interaction &lt; 0.05). (4) Conclusions: A diet rich in eggs, milk, seafood and unprocessed poultry and animal meat may be a protective factor against HG, while a diet high in beverages may be detrimental to HG. These associations may vary by parity, employment status and nutritional supplement use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T01:03:25Z","timestamp":1690333405000},"page":"3300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Association between Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Hyperemesis Gravidarum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lintian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoqing","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuxiu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7433-9424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangyao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7592-9779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0110-3","article-title":"Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"5","author":"Fejzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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