{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T20:05:27Z","timestamp":1788379527930,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]],"date-time":"2023-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypovitaminosis D has been associated with worse outcome in respiratory tract infections, with conflicting opinions regarding its role in Coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19). Our study aimed to evaluate the possible relationship between 25-OH vitamin D (25OHD) values and the following conditions in patients hospitalized for COVID-19: prognosis, mortality, invasive (IV) and non-invasive (NIV) mechanical ventilation, and orotracheal intubation (OTI). A further objective was the analysis of a possible positive effect of supplementation with calcifediol on COVID-19 severity and prognosis. We analyzed 288 patients hospitalized at the San Giovanni di Dio Hospital in Florence and the Santa Maria alle Scotte Hospital in Siena, from November 2020 to February 2021. The 25OHD levels correlated positively with the partial pressure of oxygen and FiO2 (PaO2\/FiO2) ratio (r = 0.17; p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, when we analyzed the patients according to the type of respiratory support, we found that 25OHD levels were markedly reduced in patients who underwent non-invasive ventilation and orotracheal intubation (OTI). The evaluation of the length of hospitalization in our population evidenced a longer duration of hospitalization in patients with severe 25OHD deficiency (&lt;10 ng\/mL). Moreover, we found a statistically significant difference in the mortality rate between patients who had 25OHD levels below 10 ng\/mL and those with levels above this threshold in the total population (50.8% vs. 25.5%, p = 0.005), as well as between patients with 25OHD levels below 20 ng\/mL and those with levels above that threshold (38.4% vs. 24.6%, p = 0.04). Moreover, COVID-19 patients supplemented with calcifediol presented a significantly reduced length of hospitalization (p &lt; 0.05). Interestingly, when we analyzed the possible effects of calcifediol on mortality rate in patients with COVID-19, we found that the percentage of deaths was significantly higher in patients who did not receive any supplementation than in those who were treated with calcifediol (p &lt; 0.05) In conclusion, we have demonstrated with our study the best prognosis of COVID-19 patients with adequate vitamin D levels and patients treated with calcifediol supplementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T01:48:50Z","timestamp":1690768130000},"page":"3392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Vitamin D Deficiency in COVID-19 Patients and Role of Calcifediol Supplementation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Mingiano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Picchioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Unit, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio, 50143 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Cavati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Pirrotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranuccio","family":"Nuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Gonnelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Fortini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Unit, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio, 50143 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Frediani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Gennari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3338-6339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Merlotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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