{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:18:37Z","timestamp":1787761117289,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012164","name":"National High-tech R&amp;D Program (863 Program)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2010AA023007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2010AA023007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012164","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and symptom onset are closely associated with diet. We aimed to compare the dietary and lifestyle triggers between non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) and reflux esophagitis (RE) in Chinese patients and to provide evidence for development of practical dietary modifications for GERD. A multicenter cross-sectional survey was conducted. A total of 396 GERD patients with typical gastroesophageal reflux symptoms who received upper endoscopy in the previous month were enrolled, including 203 cases of NERD patients and 193 cases of RE patients. All participants completed questionnaires including demographic data, reflux symptoms, previous management, dietary and lifestyle habits, triggers of reflux symptoms, psychological status, and quality of life. There were no significant differences in GERD symptom scores between NERD and RE. RE patients had a higher male proportion and smoking\/drinking and overeating rates than NERD patients. In the NERD group, more patients reported that fruits, dairy products, yogurt, bean products, cold food, and carbonated beverages sometimes and often induced reflux symptoms and had more triggers compared to RE patients. The number of triggers was positively correlated to GERD symptom score and GERD-HRQL score in both NERD and RE patients. However, 74.0% of GERD patients still often consumed the triggering foods, even those foods that sometimes and often induced their reflux symptoms, which might be related to the reflux relapse after PPI withdrawal considering NERD and RE patients had similar GERD symptom severity. There were some differences in terms of dietary habits, dietary and lifestyle triggers, and related quality of life between NERD and RE, and these results may provide evidence of different approaches toward the dietary modification of NERD and RE patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T02:13:32Z","timestamp":1690769612000},"page":"3400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Differences in Dietary and Lifestyle Triggers between Non-Erosive Reflux Disease and Reflux Esophagitis\u2014A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Survey in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9037-6997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingwei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9556-8771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiuli","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuantao","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaomei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0575-0399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiyun","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiucai","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00630.x","article-title":"The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A global evidence-based consensus","volume":"101","author":"Vakil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. 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