{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:28:42Z","timestamp":1790792922593,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chung Shan Medical University","award":["CSMU-CMMC-107-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSMU-CMMC-107-05"]}]},{"name":"Chung Shan Medical University","award":["CMCSMU10702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMCSMU10702"]}]},{"name":"Chi Mei Medical Center","award":["CSMU-CMMC-107-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSMU-CMMC-107-05"]}]},{"name":"Chi Mei Medical Center","award":["CMCSMU10702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMCSMU10702"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is mainly characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the liver. It spans a spectrum of diseases from hepatic steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Brassica juncea is rich in glucosinolates and has been proven to possess many potential pharmacological properties, including hypoglycemic, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic activities. This study aims to investigate whether whole-plant Brassica juncea (WBJ) and its glucosinolates extracts (BGE) have hepatoprotective effects against a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD and further explore the mechanism underlying this process in vivo and in vitro. WBJ treatment significantly reduced body fat, dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, liver injury, and inflammation; WBJ treatment also reversed the antioxidant enzyme activity to attenuate oxidative stress in HFD-fed rat liver. Moreover, WBJ and BGE enhanced the activation of AMPK to reduce SREBPs, fatty acid synthase, and HMG-CoA reductase but increased the expression of CPT-I and PPAR\u03b1 to improve hepatic steatosis. In addition, WBJ and BGE could ameliorate NAFLD by inhibiting TNF-\u03b1 and NF-\u03baB. Based on the above results, this study demonstrates that WBJ and BGE ameliorate HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and liver injury. Therefore, these treatments could represent an unprecedented hope toward improved strategies for NAFLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15163497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T12:38:59Z","timestamp":1691498339000},"page":"3497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Glucosinolates Extracts from Brassica juncea Ameliorate HFD-Induced Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ming-Jen","family":"Sheu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Rd. Yongkang Dist., Tainan City 71004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Chen","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chang","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8222-0503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Chih","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen-Ling","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chau-Jong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Industry Technology Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Pei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40242, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","article-title":"Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes","volume":"64","author":"Younossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.12.012","article-title":"NAFLD: A multisystem disease","volume":"62","author":"Byrne","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2016.04.002","article-title":"Risk of type 2 diabetes in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Causal association or epiphenomenon?","volume":"42","author":"Targher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70599-2","article-title":"Steatohepatitis: A tale of two \u201chits\u201d?","volume":"114","author":"Day","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25539","article-title":"Effect of adipose tissue insulin resistance on metabolic parameters and liver histology in obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"55","author":"Lomonaco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatol. Baltim. Md."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2012.6.2.149","article-title":"NASH is an Inflammatory Disorder: Pathogenic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"6","author":"Farrell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2329","article-title":"The AMPK signalling pathway coordinates cell growth, autophagy and metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Mihaylova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.08.018","article-title":"Curcumin activates AMPK and suppresses gluconeogenic gene expression in hepatoma cells","volume":"388","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.05.003","article-title":"Endocrine regulation of the fasting response by PPARalpha-mediated induction of fibroblast growth factor 21","volume":"5","author":"Inagaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dixon, E.D., Nardo, A.D., Claudel, T., and Trauner, M. (2021). The Role of Lipid Sensing Nuclear Receptors (PPARs and LXR) and Metabolic Lipases in Obesity, Diabetes and NAFLD. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12050645"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.02.019","article-title":"PPARalpha gene expression correlates with severity and histological treatment response in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"63","author":"Francque","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2013.1714","article-title":"Role of PPARs in inflammatory processes associated with metabolic syndrome (Review)","volume":"8","author":"Fuentes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27297","article-title":"The transrepressive activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha is necessary and sufficient to prevent liver fibrosis in mice","volume":"60","author":"Pawlak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raiola, A., Errico, A., Petruk, G., Monti, D.M., Barone, A., and Rigano, M.M. (2017). Bioactive Compounds in Brassicaceae Vegetables with a Role in the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23010015"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1439","article-title":"Apoptosis as a Mechanism of the Cancer Chemopreventive Activity of Glucosinolates: A Review","volume":"19","author":"Arumugam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-015-0401-4","article-title":"The activation of the Nrf2\/ARE pathway in HepG2 hepatoma cells by phytochemicals and subsequent modulation of phase II and antioxidant enzyme expression","volume":"71","author":"Paluszczak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15827","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200915827","article-title":"Comparison of Glucosinolate Profiles in Different Tissues of Nine Brassica Crops","volume":"20","author":"Bhandari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x","article-title":"Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase","volume":"47","author":"Marklund","year":"1974","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(87)90087-6","article-title":"Formation and reduction of glutathione-protein mixed disulfides during oxidative stress. A study with isolated hepatocytes and menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone)","volume":"36","author":"Bellomo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, W., and Friedman, A. (2014). The LDL-HDL profile determines the risk of atherosclerosis: A mathematical model. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090497"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, T.Y., Yu, M.H., Wu, Y.L., Hong, C.C., Chen, C.S., Chan, K.C., and Wang, C.J. (2022). Mulberry Leaf (Morus alba L.) Extracts and Its Chlorogenic Acid Isomer Component Improve Glucolipotoxicity-Induced Hepatic Lipid Accumulation via Downregulating miR-34a and Decreased Inflammation. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224808"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02240F","article-title":"Solanum nigrum polyphenols reduce body weight and body fat by affecting adipocyte and lipid metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9255","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b03578","article-title":"Solanum nigrum Polyphenol Extracts Inhibit Hepatic Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Lipogenesis in High-Fat-Diet-Treated Mice","volume":"65","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Lee, G., Heo, S.Y., and Roh, Y.S. (2021). Oxidative Stress Is a Key Modulator in the Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010091"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118615","article-title":"The mother relationship between insulin resistance and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Glucosinolates hydrolysis products as a promising insulin resistance-modulator and fatty liver-preventer","volume":"264","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b17-00724","article-title":"AMPK-Mediated Regulation of Lipid Metabolism by Phosphorylation","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.052","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease 2020: The State of the Disease","volume":"158","author":"Cotter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.05.020","article-title":"Metabolic Inflammation-Associated IL-17A Causes Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"30","author":"Gomes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10222","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10222","article-title":"Chronic inflammation aggravates metabolic disorders of hepatic fatty acids in high-fat diet-induced obese mice","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO01539E","article-title":"Upregulation of caveolin-1 by mulberry leaf extract and its major components, chlorogenic acid derivatives, attenuates alcoholic steatohepatitis via inhibition of oxidative stress","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo60478k","article-title":"Polyphenol-rich extract of Nelumbo nucifera leaves inhibits alcohol-induced steatohepatitis via reducing hepatic lipid accumulation and anti-inflammation in C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"5","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00714C","article-title":"Polyphenolic extract from Hibiscus sabdariffa reduces body fat by inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis and preadipocyte adipogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Kao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"2.1","article-title":"Therapeutic potentials of Brassica juncea: An overview","volume":"1","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"CellMed"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.11.011","article-title":"Potential use of dietary fibre from Hibiscus sabdariffa and Agave tequilana in obesity management","volume":"21","author":"Moyano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8968","DOI":"10.1021\/jf201777w","article-title":"Metabolite production during in vitro colonic fermentation of dietary fiber: Analysis and comparison of two European diets","volume":"59","author":"Tabernero","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2011.02590.x","article-title":"Propionic acid affects immune status and metabolism in adipose tissue from overweight subjects","volume":"42","author":"Roelofsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirmiran, P., Bahadoran, Z., Khalili Moghadam, S., Zadeh Vakili, A., and Azizi, F. (2016). A Prospective Study of Different Types of Dietary Fiber and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8110686"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i21.2682","article-title":"Colorectal cancer screening: Comparison of transferrin and immuno fecal occult blood test","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11552","article-title":"Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism","volume":"489","author":"Tremaroli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10809","article-title":"Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity","volume":"482","author":"Elinav","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970292","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.970292","article-title":"The AMPK pathway in fatty liver disease","volume":"13","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29060","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M503824200","article-title":"The Ca2+\/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinases are AMP-activated protein kinase kinases","volume":"280","author":"Hurley","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-010-0183-3","article-title":"Multidirectional time-dependent effect of sinigrin and allyl isothiocyanate on metabolic parameters in rats","volume":"65","author":"Okulicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14417","article-title":"Phytochemical and Health-Beneficial Progress of Turnip (Brassica rapa)","volume":"84","author":"Paul","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/16\/3497\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:27:39Z","timestamp":1760128059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/16\/3497"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15163497"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15163497","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]}}}