{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:10:28Z","timestamp":1791897028073,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last decade, studies suggested that dietary behavior modification, including fasting, can improve metabolic and cardiovascular markers as well as body composition. Given the increasing prevalence of people with type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the increasing obesity (also in combination with diabetes), nutritional therapies are gaining importance, besides pharmaceutical interventions. Fasting has demonstrated beneficial effects for both healthy individuals and those with metabolic diseases, leading to increased research interest in its impact on glycemia and associated short- and long-term complications. Therefore, this review aimed to investigate whether fasting can be used safely and effectively in addition to medications to support the therapy in T1DM and T2DM. A literature search on fasting and its interaction with diabetes was conducted via PubMed in September 2022. Fasting has the potential to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia in T1DM, lower glycaemic variability, and improve fat metabolism in T1DM and T2DM. It also increases insulin sensitivity, reduces endogenous glucose production in diabetes, lowers body weight, and improves body composition. To conclude, fasting is efficient for therapy management for both people with T1DM and T2DM and can be safely performed, when necessary, with the support of health care professionals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15163525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T10:24:47Z","timestamp":1691663087000},"page":"3525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Efficacy of Fasting in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Herz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Haupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca Tanja","family":"Zimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine Bianca","family":"Wachsmuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7761-9261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janis","family":"Schierbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Bamberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center of Sportsmedicine Bamberg, Klinikum Bamberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Voit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Thurm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1598-8640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayvan","family":"Khoramipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Blvd. 22 Bahman, Kerman 7616914115, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sian","family":"Rilstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Othmar","family":"Moser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","article-title":"Global and Regional Diabetes Prevalence Estimates for 2019 and Projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th Edition","volume":"157","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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