{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T03:20:50Z","timestamp":1782789650933,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["115059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["115059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SP05-602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SP05-602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000165","name":"Sick Children Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["115059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["115059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000165","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000165","name":"Sick Children Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SP05-602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SP05-602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000165","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is little evidence on the prevalence of the double burden and association between body mass index (BMI) and iron deficiency among young children living in high-income countries. We conducted a cross-sectional study of healthy children, 12\u201329 months of age, recruited during health supervision visits in Toronto, Canada, and concurrently measured BMI and serum ferritin. The prevalence of a double burden of underweight (zBMI &lt; \u22122) and iron deficiency or overweight\/obesity (zBMI &gt; 2) and iron deficiency was calculated. Regression models examined BMI and serum ferritin as continuous and categorical variables, adjusted for covariates. We found the following in terms of prevalence among 1953 children (mean age 18.3 months): underweight 2.6%, overweight\/obesity 4.9%, iron deficiency 13.8%, iron-deficiency anemia 5.4%, underweight and iron deficiency 0.4%, overweight\/obesity and iron deficiency 1.0%. The change in median serum ferritin for each unit of zBMI was \u22121.31 \u00b5g\/L (95% CI \u22121.93, \u22120.68, p &lt; 0.001). Compared with normal weight, we found no association between underweight and iron deficiency; meanwhile, overweight\/obesity was associated with a higher odds of iron deficiency (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.22, 3.78, p = 0.008). A double burden of overweight\/obesity and iron deficiency occurs in about 1.0% of young children in this high-income setting. For risk stratification and targeted screening in young children, overweight\/obesity should be added to the list of important risk factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15163635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T10:28:48Z","timestamp":1692354528000},"page":"3635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Examining the Double Burden of Underweight, Overweight\/Obesity and Iron Deficiency among Young Children in a Canadian Primary Care Setting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sean A.","family":"Borkhoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Medicine and the Pediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1E8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia C.","family":"Parkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Medicine and the Pediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1E8, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M6, Canada"},{"name":"Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine S.","family":"Birken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Medicine and the Pediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1E8, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M6, Canada"},{"name":"Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathon L.","family":"Maguire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M6, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5029-0996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin","family":"Macarthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Medicine and the Pediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1E8, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M6, Canada"},{"name":"Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3420-1866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelia M.","family":"Borkhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Medicine and the Pediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1E8, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M6, Canada"},{"name":"Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2023, July 22). 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