{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:16:44Z","timestamp":1791994604034,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Preterm infants are at risk of hypoxia and hyperoxia because of the immaturity of their respiratory and antioxidant systems, linked to increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a single administration of the SLAB51 probiotic formula in improving oxygenation in respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)-affected premature babies, thus reducing their need for oxygen administration. Additionally, the capability of SLAB51 in activating the factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) responsible for antioxidant responses was evaluated in vitro. In two groups of oxygen-treated preterm infants with similar SaO2 values, SLAB51 or a placebo was given. After two hours, the SLAB51-treated group showed a significant increase in SaO2 levels and the SaO2\/FiO2 ratio, while the control group showed no changes. Significantly increased Nrf2 activation was observed in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) exposed to SLAB51 lysates. In preterm infants, we confirmed the previously observed SLAB51\u2019s \u201coxygen-sparing effect\u201d, permitting an improvement in SaO2 levels. We also provided evidence of SLAB51\u2019s potential to enhance antioxidant responses, thus counteracting the detrimental effects of hyperoxia. Although further studies are needed to support our data, SLAB51 represents a promising approach to managing preterm infants requiring oxygen supplementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T08:01:21Z","timestamp":1692777681000},"page":"3685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["SLAB51 Multi-Strain Probiotic Formula Increases Oxygenation in Oxygen-Treated Preterm Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0590-6664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elisabetta","family":"Baldassarre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, \u201cAldo Moro\u201d University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Marazzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Pensa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, \u201cAldo Moro\u201d University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3181-6443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Loverro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, \u201cAldo Moro\u201d University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Quercia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, \u201cAldo Moro\u201d University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0551-5076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4976-6018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Schettini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, SS. Annunziata Hospital, 80058 Taranto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4610-1216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Laforgia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, \u201cAldo Moro\u201d University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31593-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000\u201315: An updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"388","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1159\/000329922","article-title":"Intermittent Hypoxic Episodes in Preterm Infants: Do They Matter?","volume":"100","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2019.05.006","article-title":"Intermittent Hypoxemia in Preterm Infants","volume":"46","author":"MacFarlane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"260482","article-title":"Consequences of Hyperoxia and the Toxicity of Oxygen in the Lung","volume":"2011","author":"Mach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nurs. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-021-01050-3","article-title":"Management of oxygen saturation monitoring in preterm newborns in the NICU: The Italian picture","volume":"47","author":"Perrone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2010.04.003","article-title":"Oxygen toxicity: Chemistry and biology of reactive oxygen species","volume":"15","author":"Buonocore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.2741\/e52","article-title":"Biomarkers of oxidative stress in babies at high risk for retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"E1","author":"Buonocore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7483062","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7483062","article-title":"The Free Radical Diseases of Prematurity: From Cellular Mechanisms to Bedside","volume":"2018","author":"Perrone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3099","article-title":"Compliance with Alarm Limits for Pulse Oximetry in Very Preterm Infants","volume":"119","author":"Clucas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12692","article-title":"Safe oxygen saturation targeting and monitoring in preterm infants: Can we avoid hypoxia and hyperoxia?","volume":"103","author":"Sola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101081","article-title":"Optimizing oxygen therapy for preterm infants at birth: Are we there yet?","volume":"25","author":"Kapadia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2010.05.006","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and HIF-stabilizing agents in neonatal care","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20170157","article-title":"Role of the Nrf2\/HO-1 axis in bronchopulmonary dysplasia and hyperoxic lung injuries","volume":"131","author":"Amata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasai, S., Shimizu, S., Tatara, Y., Mimura, J., and Itoh, K. (2020). Regulation of Nrf2 by Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Physiology and Pathology. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10020320"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceccarelli, G., Marazzato, M., Celani, L., Lombardi, F., Piccirilli, A., Mancone, M., Trinchieri, V., Pugliese, F., Mastroianni, C.M., and D\u2019ettorre, G. (2021). Oxygen Sparing Effect of Bacteriotherapy in COVID-19. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082898"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trinchieri, V., Marazzato, M., Ceccarelli, G., Lombardi, F., Piccirilli, A., Santinelli, L., Maddaloni, L., Vassalini, P., Mastroianni, C.M., and D\u2019ettorre, G. (2022). Exploiting Bacteria for Improving Hypoxemia of COVID-19 Patients. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10081851"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lombardi, F., Augello, F.R., Palumbo, P., Bonfili, L., Artone, S., Altamura, S., Sheldon, J.M., Latella, G., Cifone, M.G., and Eleuteri, A.M. (2023). Bacterial Lysate from the Multi-Strain Probiotic SLAB51 Triggers Adaptative Responses to Hypoxia in Human Caco-2 Intestinal Epithelial Cells under Normoxic Conditions and Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098134"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4641","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102927","article-title":"Effects of the probiotic formulation SLAB51 in in vitro and in vivo Parkinson\u2019s disease models","volume":"12","author":"Castelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7987","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-0973-4","article-title":"SLAB51 Probiotic Formulation Activates SIRT1 Pathway Promoting Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects in an AD Mouse Model","volume":"55","author":"Bonfili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00491-x","article-title":"Regulation of inflammation by the antioxidant haem oxygenase 1","volume":"21","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0160-6","article-title":"Microbes, metabolites, and the gut-lung axis","volume":"12","author":"Dang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00460-0","article-title":"The gut microbiota-brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders","volume":"19","author":"Morais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2022.10.003","article-title":"Gut microbiota-bile acid-skeletal muscle axis","volume":"31","author":"Mancin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonfili, L., Gong, C., Lombardi, F., Cifone, M.G., and Eleuteri, A.M. (2021). Strategic Modification of Gut Microbiota through Oral Bacteriotherapy Influences Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1\u03b1: Therapeutic Implication in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010357"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2147\/HP.S47968","article-title":"Prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes: Important regulators of cancer metabolism","volume":"2","author":"Pollard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypoxia"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00587-8","article-title":"The effect of HIF on metabolism and immunity","volume":"18","author":"Taylor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2008.12","article-title":"Biology of HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"15","author":"Weidemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10493","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV120.011188","article-title":"Oxygen battle in the gut: Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors in metabolic and inflammatory responses in the intestine","volume":"295","author":"Singhal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00045.2008","article-title":"Regulation of Oxygen Homeostasis by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1","volume":"24","author":"Semenza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2516","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1523005113","article-title":"Comparative systems pharmacology of HIF stabilization in the prevention of retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"113","author":"Hoppe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1099","article-title":"Essential Roles of the PI3 Kinase\/Akt Pathway in Regulating Nrf2-Dependent Anti-oxidant Functions in the RPE","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy, N.M., Potteti, H.R., Vegiraju, S., Chen, H.-J., Tamatam, C.M., and Reddy, S.P. (2015). PI3K-AKT Signaling via Nrf2 Protects against Hyperoxia-Induced Acute Lung Injury, but Promotes Inflammation Post-Injury Independent of Nrf2 in Mice. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129676"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/17\/3685\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:40:08Z","timestamp":1760128808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/17\/3685"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15173685"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15173685","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]]}}}