{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:17:56Z","timestamp":1790821076278,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Studies indicate a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in both the general population and at-risk groups. Given the association between vitamin D deficiency and various diseases, addressing this concern becomes crucial, especially in situations where routine monitoring is challenging. Materials and methods: A systematic literature review of the current knowledge on vitamin D dosing in diverse at-risk populations and the application of the findings to a broader clinical perspective. Results: The reviewed studies revealed a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among patients with musculoskeletal disorders, systemic connective tissue diseases, corticosteroid use, endocrine and metabolic conditions, malabsorption syndromes, obesity, chronic kidney disease, cancer, and central nervous system diseases. Vitamin D deficiency was often more severe compared to the general population. Higher dosages of vitamin D beyond the recommended levels for the general population were shown to be effective in improving vitamin D status in these at-risk individuals. Additionally, some studies suggested a potential link between intermittent vitamin D administration and improved adherence. Conclusion: Simplified dosing could empower clinicians to address vitamin D deficiency, particularly in high-risk populations, even without routine monitoring. Further research is needed to establish the optimal dosing regimens for specific at-risk populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T08:33:09Z","timestamp":1692952389000},"page":"3725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Supplementing Vitamin D in Different Patient Groups to Reduce Deficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8475-7112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawel","family":"Pludowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u0142udowski, P., Kos-Kud\u0142a, B., Walczak, M., Fal, A., Zozuli\u0144ska-Zi\u00f3\u0142kiewicz, D., Sieroszewski, P., Peregud-Pogorzelski, J., Lauterbach, R., Targowski, T., and Lewi\u0144ski, A. (2023). Guidelines for Preventing and Treating Vitamin D Deficiency: A 2023 Update in Poland. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030695"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Martinis, M., Allegra, A., Sirufo, M.M., Tonacci, A., Pioggia, G., Raggiunti, M., Ginaldi, L., and Gangemi, S. (2021). Vitamin D Deficiency, Osteoporosis and Effect on Autoimmune Diseases and Hematopoiesis: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168855"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pludowski, P., Takacs, I., Boyanov, M., Belaya, Z., Diaconu, C.C., Mokhort, T., Zherdova, N., Rasa, I., Payer, J., and Pilz, S. (2022). Clinical Practice in the Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency: A Central and Eastern European Expert Consensus Statement. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071483"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2023.106330","article-title":"Controlled randomized open label clinical study comparing the safety and efficacy of loading schedules in vitamin D deficient patients","volume":"231","author":"Takacs","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18746","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97417-x","article-title":"Vitamin D oral intermittent treatment (DO IT) study, a randomized clinical trial with individual loading regimen","volume":"11","author":"Rothen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"60","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial to comparing efficacy of daily, weekly and monthly administration of vitamin D3","volume":"55","author":"Szekeres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fassio, A., Adami, G., Rossini, M., Giollo, A., Caimmi, C., Bixio, R., Viapiana, O., Milleri, S., Gatti, M., and Gatti, D. (2020). Pharmacokinetics of Oral Cholecalciferol in Healthy Subjects with Vitamin D Deficiency: A Randomized Open-Label Study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061553"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothen, J.-P., Rutishauser, J., Walter, P.N., Hersberger, K.E., and Arnet, I. (2020). Oral intermittent vitamin D substitution: Influence of pharmaceutical form and dosage frequency on medication adherence: A randomized clinical trial. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-020-00430-5"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2020.04.007","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Health-Related Quality of Life and Physical Performance in Children with Sickle Cell Disease and in Healthy Children","volume":"34","author":"Dougherty","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-013-9729-3","article-title":"The Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Calciotropic Hormones and Bone Mineral Density in Obese Subjects with Low Levels of Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D: Results from a Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"93","author":"Wamberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-6887.1000233","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Weekly 30,000 IU Vitamin D Supplementation as a Slower Loading Dose Administration Compared to a Daily Maintenance Schedule in Deficient Patients: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"5","author":"Toth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacovigil."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lombardo, M., Feraco, A., Ottaviani, M., Rizzo, G., Camajani, E., Caprio, M., and Armani, A. (2022). The Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation in the Treatment of Fibromyalgia Syndrome and Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153010"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.105562","article-title":"The Vitamin D Assessment (ViDA) study\u2014Design and main findings","volume":"198","author":"Scragg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy378","article-title":"Monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation does not increase kidney stone risk or serum calcium: Results from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"109","author":"Malihi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018000551","article-title":"The association between vitamin D concentration and pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, Y., Zhu, H., Chen, L., Huang, Y., Christen, W., Cook, N.R., Copeland, T., Mora, S., Buring, J.E., and Lee, I.-M. (2022). Effects of Vitamin D3 and Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation: 4-Year Findings from the VITAL Randomized Trial. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14245307"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobh, M.M., Abdalbary, M., Elnagar, S., Nagy, E., Elshabrawy, N., Abdelsalam, M., Asadipooya, K., and El-Husseini, A. (2022). Secondary Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092382"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3838","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1600","article-title":"Association of Glucocorticoid Use and Low 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): 2001\u20132006","volume":"96","author":"Skversky","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-021-09693-7","article-title":"Vitamin D: Dosing, levels, form, and route of administration: Does one approach fit all?","volume":"22","author":"Bilezikian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S350626","article-title":"Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients and Non-Diabetics in the Arab Gulf","volume":"15","author":"Nasr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"11","article-title":"A Study of the Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Vitamin D Deficiency","volume":"70","author":"Utmani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galu\u0219ca, D., Popoviciu, M.S., Babe\u0219, E.E., Vidican, M., Zaha, A.A., Babe\u0219, V.V., Jurca, A.D., Zaha, D.C., and Bodog, F. (2022). Vitamin D Implications and Effect of Supplementation in Endocrine Disorders: Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders (Hashimoto\u2019s Disease and Grave\u2019s Disease), Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58020194"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2916","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1765","article-title":"Intratrial Exposure to Vitamin D and New-Onset Diabetes Among Adults with Prediabetes: A Secondary Analysis From the Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes (D2d) Study","volume":"43","author":"Staten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"17455057221111066","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation higher than 2000 IU\/day compared to lower dose on maternal\u2013fetal outcome: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Irwinda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Hajj, C., Walrand, S., Helou, M., and Yammine, K. (2020). Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Inflammatory Markers in Non-Obese Lebanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072033"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3978","article-title":"Vitamin D Treatment in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial","volume":"99","author":"Rolighed","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bleizgys, A. (2021). Vitamin D Dosing: Basic Principles and a Brief Algorithm (2021 Update). Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124415"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00246","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation Guidelines for General Population and Groups at Risk of Vitamin D Deficiency in Poland\u2014Recommendations of the Polish Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Expert Panel with Participation of National Specialist Consultants and Representatives of Scientific Societies\u20142018 Update","volume":"9","author":"Walczak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dominguez, L.J., Farruggia, M., Veronese, N., and Barbagallo, M. (2021). Vitamin D Sources, Metabolism, and Deficiency: Available Compounds and Guidelines for Its Treatment. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11040255"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640615572176","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation on intestinal permeability, cathelicidin and disease markers in Crohn\u2019s disease: Results from a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"3","author":"Raftery","year":"2015","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-022-01061-5","article-title":"UK clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"17","author":"Gregson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Osteoporos."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2017.05.012","article-title":"Changes in renal function after discontinuation of vitamin D analogues in advanced chronic kidney disease","volume":"38","author":"Caravaca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nefrolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1159\/000157177","article-title":"Effects of Long-Term Cholecalciferol Supplementation on Mineral Metabolism and Calciotropic Hormones in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"31","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3799","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp370","article-title":"Monthly cholecalciferol administration in haemodialysis patients: A simple and efficient strategy for vitamin D supplementation","volume":"24","author":"Jean","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft001","article-title":"Cholecalciferol in haemodialysis patients: A randomized, double-blind, proof-of-concept and safety study","volume":"28","author":"Delanaye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2025850","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.25850","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplements on Development of Advanced Cancer: A Secondary Analysis of the VITAL Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"3","author":"Chandler","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz, A., and Grant, W.B. (2022). Vitamin D and Cancer: An Historical Overview of the Epidemiology and Mechanisms. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071448"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6873","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14316","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency is associated with a worse prognosis in metastatic melanoma","volume":"8","author":"Timerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10420","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10420","article-title":"Vitamin D and Clinical Cancer Outcomes: A Review of Meta-Analyses","volume":"5","author":"Sluyter","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809944","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"380","author":"Manson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722032","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.722032","article-title":"Increased Risk of Vitamin D Deficiency Among HIV-Infected Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607115593790","article-title":"Comprehensive Safety Monitoring of 12-Month Daily 7000-IU Vitamin D3Supplementation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus\u2013Infected Children and Young Adults","volume":"40","author":"Schall","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02291","article-title":"The Potential Protective Role of Vitamin D Supplementation on HIV-1 Infection","volume":"10","author":"Alvarez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng, T., Lu, Q., Wan, Z., Guo, J., Liu, L., Pan, A., and Liu, G. (2022). Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with risk of dementia among individuals with type 2 diabetes: A cohort study in the UK Biobank. PLoS Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003906"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000459","article-title":"Vitamin D status among patients with drug-resistant and non-drug-resistant epilepsy","volume":"90","author":"Godet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiller, A.L., Murchison, C.F., Lobb, B.M., O\u2019connor, S., O\u2019connor, M., and Quinn, J.F. (2018). A randomized, controlled pilot study of the effects of vitamin D supplementation on balance in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Does age matter?. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203637"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8232863","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8232863","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Mood in Women with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"2017","author":"Penckofer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.051664","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation in Parkinson disease","volume":"97","author":"Suzuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.03.015","article-title":"Vitamin D Is Not as Toxic as Was Once Thought: A Historical and an Up-to-Date Perspective","volume":"90","author":"Holick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00550","article-title":"Vitamin D Toxicity\u2014A Clinical Perspective","volume":"9","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/17\/3725\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:39:07Z","timestamp":1760128747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/17\/3725"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15173725"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15173725","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]}}}