{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T01:44:29Z","timestamp":1769046269941,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]],"date-time":"2023-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cVII Plan Propio de Investigaci\u00f3n y Transferencia\u201d from University of Seville","award":["Project-202200000421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project-202200000421"]}]},{"name":"\u201cVII Plan Propio de Investigaci\u00f3n y Transferencia\u201d from University of Seville","award":["Project-2023\/00000482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project-2023\/00000482"]}]},{"name":"\u201cVII Plan Propio de Investigaci\u00f3n y Transferencia\u201d from University of Seville","award":["RYC2021-031256-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2021-031256-I"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation trough research Ramon y Cajal program","award":["Project-202200000421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project-202200000421"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation trough research Ramon y Cajal program","award":["Project-2023\/00000482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project-2023\/00000482"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation trough research Ramon y Cajal program","award":["RYC2021-031256-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2021-031256-I"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Food allergy (FA) is an adverse immunological reaction to a specific food that can trigger a wide range of symptoms from mild to life-threatening. This adverse reaction is caused by different immunological mechanisms, such as IgE-mediated, non-IgE-mediated and mixed IgE-mediated reactions. Its epidemiology has had a significant increase in the last decade, more so in developed countries. It is estimated that approximately 2 to 10% of the world\u2019s population has FA and this number appears to be increasing and also affecting more children. The diagnosis can be complex and requires the combination of different tests to establish an accurate diagnosis. However, the treatment of FA is based on avoiding the intake of the specific allergenic food, thus being very difficult at times and also controlling the symptoms in case of accidental exposure. Currently, there are other immunomodulatory treatments such as specific allergen immunotherapy or more innovative treatments that can induce a tolerance response. It is important to mention that research in this field is ongoing and clinical trials are underway to assess the safety and efficacy of these different immunotherapy approaches, new treatment pathways are being used to target and promote the tolerance response. In this review, we describe the new in vitro diagnostic tools and therapeutic treatments to show the latest advances in FA management. We conclude that although significant advances have been made to improve therapies and diagnostic tools for FA, there is an urgent need to standardize both so that, in their totality, they help to improve the management of FA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T03:45:42Z","timestamp":1693194342000},"page":"3744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Update on In Vitro Diagnostic Tools and Treatments for Food Allergies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mariano","family":"Brasal-Prieto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular, Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s\/n, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Prades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular, Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s\/n, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8716-1437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hala","family":"Dakhaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular, Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s\/n, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Sobrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular, Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s\/n, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3727-1843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soledad","family":"L\u00f3pez-Enr\u00edquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular, Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s\/n, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5591-7877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Palomares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular, Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s\/n, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.112150","article-title":"Intestinal protein uptake and IgE-mediated food allergy","volume":"163","author":"Ballegaard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2023.01.002","article-title":"Food Allergy","volume":"50","author":"Mendonca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prim. 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