{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:15:45Z","timestamp":1784546145198,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute leukemia commonly occurs in young children with peak incidence at the age of 2\u20135 years. However, the etiology is still unclear and many preventable risk factors still deserve to be reviewed. The focus of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to summarize the evidence concerning early life nourishment (breastfeeding, early life diet), neonatal vitamin K administration and the risk of acute leukemia. All epidemiological studies published up to June 2023 and assessing diet-related risk factors for childhood acute leukemia were identified in two electronic databases (PubMed and Web of Science), with no limits on publication year or language. A total of 38 studies (37 case\u2013control studies and 1 study with pooled analysis) were included. The published risk estimates were combined into a meta-analysis using the Generic Inverse Variance method. The current evidence shows that breastfeeding (yes vs. no) has a protective effect against acute lymphoblastic leukemia (odds ratio = 0.85; 95% CI, 0.76\u20130.94). Evidence related to the role of other studied factors (foods and supplements) is inconclusive. Further research into the potential role of diet in early life and the risk of acute leukemia is needed to develop prevention strategies at population level. Review Registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42019128937.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T08:51:14Z","timestamp":1693299074000},"page":"3775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Early Life Nutrition Factors and Risk of Acute Leukemia in Children: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5799-0269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ambroise Kouame","family":"Kintossou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69007 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Biobank, Pasteur Institute of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Abidjan 01 BP 490, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2122-7138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Blanco-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4242-5464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Iguacel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7042-6275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Pisanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia Choma Bettega","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80060-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Steliarova-Foucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciska","family":"Sierens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc J.","family":"Gunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena J.","family":"Ladas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald D.","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology and Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0717-2406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koen","family":"Van Herck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3836-7209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zisis","family":"Kozlakidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3838-855X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inge","family":"Huybrechts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30186-9","article-title":"International incidence of childhood cancer, 2001\u20132010: A population-based registry study","volume":"18","author":"Colombet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9023","article-title":"Risk factors for acute leukemia in children: A review","volume":"115","author":"Belson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. 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