{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:30:08Z","timestamp":1792099808340,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["K99HD109373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K99HD109373"]}]},{"name":"US National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["R01HD094809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD094809"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K99HD109373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K99HD109373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD094809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD094809"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review presents evidence from animal and human studies demonstrating the possible connection and significant impact of poor iron status and psychological distress on neurocognitive development during pregnancy and the neonatal period, with implications for long-term cognition. Stress and iron deficiency are independently prevalent and thus are frequently comorbid. While iron deficiency and early-life stress independently contribute to long-term neurodevelopmental alterations, their combined effects remain underexplored. Psychological stress responses may engage similar pathways as infectious stress, which alters fundamental iron metabolism processes and cause functional tissue-level iron deficiency. Psychological stress, analogous to but to a lesser degree than infectious stress, activates the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenocortical (HPA) axis and increases proinflammatory cytokines. Chronic or severe stress is associated with dysregulated HPA axis functioning and a proinflammatory state. This dysregulation may disrupt iron absorption and utilization, likely mediated by the IL-6 activation of hepcidin, a molecule that impedes iron absorption and redistributes total body iron. This narrative review highlights suggestive studies investigating the relationship between psychological stress and iron status and outlines hypothesized mechanistic pathways connecting psychological stress exposure and iron metabolism. We examine findings regarding the overlapping impacts of early stress exposure to iron deficiency and children\u2019s neurocognitive development. We propose that studying the influence of psychological stress on iron metabolism is crucial for comprehending neurocognitive development in children exposed to prenatal and early postnatal stressors and for children at risk of early iron insufficiency. We recommend future directions for dual-exposure studies exploring iron as a potential mediating pathway between early stress and offspring neurodevelopment, offering opportunities for targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T10:09:49Z","timestamp":1693390189000},"page":"3798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The Interaction between Psychological Stress and Iron Status on Early-Life Neurodevelopmental Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0056-5995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brie M.","family":"Reid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA"},{"name":"Center for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI 02906, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Georgieff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.05.013","article-title":"The Role of Nutrition in Brain Development: The Golden Opportunity of the \u201cFirst 1000 Days\u201d","volume":"175","author":"Cusick","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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