{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:24:38Z","timestamp":1791923078429,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81970471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970471"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disease. The efficacy of different probiotics in treating IBS remains controversial. This network meta-analysis aimed to compare and rank the outcome-specific efficacy of different probiotic strains or combinations in adults with IBS. We searched the literature up to June 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the efficacy of probiotics in IBS were included. A frequentist framework was used to perform this study. In total, 9253 participants from 81 RCTs were included in the study. Four probiotic strains and five mixtures were significantly superior to placebo in improving IBS Symptom Severity Scale, among which Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS-1 ranked first (surface under the cumulative ranking, SUCRA, 92.9%). A mixture containing five probiotics (SUCRA, 100%) ranked first in improving the IBS-Quality of life. Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 (SUCRA, 96.9%) and Bacillus coagulans Unique IS2 (SUCRA, 92.6%) were among the most effective probiotics for improving abdominal pain. Three probiotic strains and two mixtures were effective in alleviating abdominal bloating. Four probiotic strains and a mixture were significantly superior to placebo in reducing the bowel movement frequency in diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D). Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 (SUCRA, 99.6%) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 (SUCRA, 89.7%) were among the most effective probiotics for improving the Bristol stool form scale of IBS-D. Only some probiotics are effective for particular outcomes in IBS patients. This study provided the first ranking of outcome-specific efficacy of different probiotic strains and combinations in IBS. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T10:24:30Z","timestamp":1693823070000},"page":"3856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Outcome-Specific Efficacy of Different Probiotic Strains and Mixtures in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Peiwei","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuehong","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lishou","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31548-8","article-title":"Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders 2 Irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"396","author":"Ford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30217-X","article-title":"Global prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome according to Rome III or IV criteria: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Oka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-311240","article-title":"The global prevalence of IBS in adults remains elusive due to the heterogeneity of studies: A Rome Foundation working team literature review","volume":"66","author":"Sperber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16939","article-title":"Direct healthcare costs of Rome IV or Rome III-defined irritable bowel syndrome in the United Kingdom","volume":"56","author":"Goodoory","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.08.063","article-title":"Burden and Cost of Gastrointestinal, Liver, and Pancreatic Diseases in the United States: Update 2018","volume":"156","author":"Peery","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10450","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i47.10450","article-title":"Economic burden of irritable bowel syndrome in China","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12938","article-title":"Review article: The economic impact of the irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Canavan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0286-8","article-title":"Global burden of irritable bowel syndrome: Trends, predictions and risk factors","volume":"17","author":"Black","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0262-x","article-title":"Work Productivity and Activity Impairment in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A Multifaceted Problem","volume":"113","author":"Frandemark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-009-0792-6","article-title":"A focus group assessment of patient perspectives on irritable bowel syndrome and illness severity","volume":"54","author":"Drossman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2016.1218585","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome, the microbiota and the gut-brain axis","volume":"7","author":"Raskov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324598","article-title":"British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Vasant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.6.1401","article-title":"Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Introducing the concept of prebiotics","volume":"125","author":"Gibson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002147","article-title":"The Short-Term Efficacy of Bifidobacterium Quadruple Viable Tablet in Patients with Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Potentially Mediated by Metabolism Rather Than Diversity Regulation","volume":"118","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.03.019","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials using ROME IV criteria","volume":"42","author":"Konstantis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.202","article-title":"Efficacy of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Chronic Idiopathic Constipation: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Ford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001036","article-title":"ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"116","author":"Lacy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.059","article-title":"AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Role of Probiotics in the Management of Gastrointestinal Disorders","volume":"159","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15001","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: The efficacy of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and antibiotics in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Ford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","article-title":"The PRISMA Extension Statement for Reporting of Systematic Reviews Incorporating Network Meta-analyses of Health Care Interventions: Checklist and Explanations","volume":"162","author":"Hutton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.142318000.x","article-title":"The irritable bowel severity scoring system: A simple method of monitoring irritable bowel syndrome and its progress","volume":"11","author":"Francis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018831127942","article-title":"Quality of life in persons with irritable bowel syndrome: Development and validation of a new measure","volume":"43","author":"Patrick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salanti, G., Del Giovane, C., Chaimani, A., Caldwell, D.M., and Higgins, J.P.T. (2014). Evaluating the Quality of Evidence from a Network Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099682"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.12","article-title":"A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Borenstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaimani, A., Higgins, J.P.T., Mavridis, D., Spyridonos, P., and Salanti, G. (2013). Graphical Tools for Network Meta-Analysis in STATA. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076654"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d549","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d549","article-title":"Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses","volume":"342","author":"Riley","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3767","article-title":"Checking consistency in mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Dias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1044","article-title":"Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: Concepts and models for multi-arm studies","volume":"3","author":"Higgins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1501500403","article-title":"Network meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stata J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1501500402","article-title":"Visualizing assumptions and results in network meta-analysis: The network graphs package","volume":"15","author":"Chaimani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stata J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.096","article-title":"Probiotics Reduce Mortality and Morbidity in Preterm, Low-Birth-Weight Infants: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials","volume":"159","author":"Morgan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i22.2509","article-title":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae I-3856 in irritable bowel syndrome with predominant constipation","volume":"28","author":"Mourey","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, K., Kim, A., Lee, J.-H., Cho, D., Seo, J., Jung, E.S., Kang, H.-j., Roh, J., and Kim, W. (2022). Effect of Oral Intake of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum APsulloc 331261 (GTB1 (TM)) on Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14102015"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02437-4","article-title":"Adjunctive treatment with probiotics partially alleviates symptoms and reduces inflammation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skrzydlo-Radomanska, B., Prozorow-Krol, B., Cichoz-Lach, H., Majsiak, E., Bierla, J.B., Kanarek, E., Sowniska, A., and Cukrowska, B. (2021). The Effectiveness and Safety of Multi-Strain Probiotic Preparation in Patients with Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030756"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2020.06.026","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8610 Alleviates Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Prevents Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Pilot Clinical Trial","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23641","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023641","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Bacillus coagulans LBSC in irritable bowel syndrome A prospective, interventional, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study CONSORT Compliant","volume":"100","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1159\/000510950","article-title":"Combination of a Probiotic and an Antispasmodic Increases Quality of Life and Reduces Symptoms in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Pilot Study","volume":"39","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2019.12.009","article-title":"A 2-strain mixture of Lactobacillus acidophilus in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial","volume":"52","author":"Sadrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martoni, C.J., Srivastava, S., and Leyer, G.J. (2020). Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS-1 and Bifidobacterium lactis UABla-12 Improve Abdominal Pain Severity and Symptomology in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020363"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, E.D., Antony, J.M., Crowley, D.C., Piano, A., Bhardwaj, R., Tompkins, T.A., and Evans, M. (2020). Efficacy of Lactobacillus paracasei HA-196 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 in Alleviating Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041159"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-019-00717-2","article-title":"Probiotic treatment induced change of inflammation related metabolites in IBS-D patients\/double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-019-03462-4","article-title":"Efficacy of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 as an add-on therapy for irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Gayathri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13201","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13201","article-title":"Effects of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 in IBS patients","volume":"50","author":"Bonfrate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30056-X","article-title":"Heat-inactivated Bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb75 (SYN-HI-001) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Andresen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, J.H., Jang, Y.S., Kang, D., Chang, D.K., and Min, Y.W. (2019). Efficacy and Safety of New Lactobacilli Probiotics for Unconstipated Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122887"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48554-x","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial: The effect of probiotic Bacillus coagulans Unique IS2 vs. placebo on the symptoms management of irritable bowel syndrome in adults","volume":"9","author":"Madempudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2019\/v28i630221","article-title":"Effect of Multispecies Probiotic Supplementation on Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Ashtiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21241-z","article-title":"The effect of Clostridium butyricum on symptoms and fecal microbiota in diarrhea-dominant irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.17-73","article-title":"A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial that breast milk derived Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 mitigated diarrhea-dominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2017.0105","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285, Lactobacillus casei LBC80R and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CLR2 improve quality-of-life and IBS symptoms: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study","volume":"9","author":"Preston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-017-0296-7","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 on irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishaque, S.M., Khosruzzaman, S.M., Ahmed, D.S., and Sah, M.P. (2018). A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of a multi-strain probiotic formulation (Bio-Kult (R)) in the management of diarrhea- predominant irritable bowel syndrome. BMC Gastroenterol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-018-0788-9"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640617736478","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1572 on symptoms, gut microbiota, short chain fatty acids, and immune activation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A pilot randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Cremon","year":"2018","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.05.003","article-title":"Probiotic Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 Reduces Depression Scores and Alters Brain Activity: A Pilot Study in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"153","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13329","article-title":"The effects of administration of the Lactobacillus gasseri strain CP2305 on quality of life, clinical symptoms and changes in gene expression in patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"122","author":"Nobutani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13037","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13037","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the effect of a probiotic mixture on symptoms and inflammatory markers in women with diarrhea-predominant IBS","volume":"29","author":"Hod","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000484","article-title":"Efficacy of Lactobacillus casei Shirota for patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Thijssen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640615602571","article-title":"Randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 in irritable bowel syndrome: Improvement in abdominal pain and bloating in those with predominant constipation","volume":"4","author":"Spiller","year":"2016","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4740907","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4740907","article-title":"A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial: The Efficacy of Multispecies Probiotic Supplementation in Alleviating Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Associated with Constipation","volume":"2016","author":"Mezzasalma","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"15","article-title":"Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 supplementation in the management of diarrhea predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A double blind randomized placebo controlled pilot clinical study","volume":"21","author":"Majeed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10631","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i48.10631","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome symptom severity improves equally with probiotic and placebo","volume":"22","author":"Lyra","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.15-14","article-title":"Effect of administering a multi-species probiotic mixture on the changes in fecal microbiota and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"57","author":"Yoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3299-8","article-title":"Melatonin Regulation as a Possible Mechanism for Probiotic (VSL#3) in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo Study","volume":"60","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2014.11.007","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of Saccharomyces cerevisiae versus placebo in the irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Neut","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12322","article-title":"Effect of multispecies probiotics on irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Yoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.02.010","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial: Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 299 v on symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Stevenson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12787","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: A liquid multi-strain probiotic vs. placebo in the irritable bowel syndrome\u2014A 12 week double-blind study","volume":"40","author":"Sisson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.135157","article-title":"The effects of multi-strain probiotic compound on symptoms and quality-of-life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Shavakhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12320","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial on the effect of a multispecies probiotic on visceroperception in hypersensitive IBS patients","volume":"26","author":"Ludidi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8709","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i26.8709","article-title":"31, a new combination of probiotics, improves irritable bowel syndrome-related quality of life","volume":"20","author":"Llop","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"466","article-title":"Therapeutic Effects, Tolerability and Safety of a Multi-strain Probiotic in Iranian Adults with Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Bloating","volume":"17","author":"Jafari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000094","article-title":"Cytokine and clinical response to Saccharomyces boulardii therapy in diarrhea-dominant irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized trial","volume":"26","author":"Abbas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-13-45","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of a probiotic \u2018functional food\u2019 in the management of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0307.12028","article-title":"Effects of probiotic yoghurt on symptoms and intestinal microbiota in patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Dairy Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.24196","article-title":"Fecal excretion of Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 and changes in fecal microbiota after eight weeks of oral supplementation with encapsulated probiotic","volume":"4","author":"Charbonneau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-012-1552-1","article-title":"A randomised clinical trial (RCT) of a symbiotic mixture in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): Effects on symptoms, colonic transit and quality of life","volume":"28","author":"Cappello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2013.825314","article-title":"Long-term treatment with probiotics in primary care patients with irritable bowel syndrome\u2014A randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Begtrup","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"98","article-title":"Probiotic vs. Placebo in Irritable Bowel Syndrome:A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"5","author":"Amirimani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Middle East J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-011-1363-9","article-title":"A double-blind placebo-controlled trial to study therapeutic effects of probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 in subgroups of patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Kruis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4012","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i30.4012","article-title":"Clinical trial: Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (DSM 9843) improves symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Ducrotte","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i17.2067","article-title":"Efficacy and safety profile of LCR35 complete freeze-dried culture in irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized, double-blind study","volume":"18","author":"Dapoigny","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"238","article-title":"Multistrain probiotic preparation significantly reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"5","author":"Cui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31823712b1","article-title":"The Effect of a Multispecies Probiotic Mixture on the Symptoms and Fecal Microbiota in Diarrhea-dominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial","volume":"46","author":"Cha","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2011.565066","article-title":"Effects of probiotic fermented milk on symptoms and intestinal flora in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Sondergaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-010-9059-y","article-title":"Gut Microbiota is Not Modified by Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of VSL#3 in Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Michail","year":"2011","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04633.x","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: Bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb75 significantly alleviates irritable bowel syndrome and improves quality of life\u2014A double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"33","author":"Guglielmetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318204593e","article-title":"A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Multicenter Trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Effect on Quality of Life","volume":"45","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04183.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: The effects of a fermented milk containing three probiotic bacteria in patients with irritable bowel syndrome\u2014A randomized, double-blind, controlled study","volume":"31","author":"Simren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ligaarden, S.C., Axelsson, L., Naterstad, K., Lydersen, S., and Farup, P.G. (2010). A candidate probiotic with unfavourable effects in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome: A randomised controlled trial. BMC Gastroenterol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-10-16"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2009.03.1984","article-title":"Original Research: Bacillus coagulans Significantly Improved Abdominal Pain and Bloating in Patients with IBS","volume":"121","author":"Hun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2009.3.2.101","article-title":"Effect of Probiotics on Symptoms in Korean Adults with Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Hong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1027702","article-title":"Randomized Controlled Treatment Trial of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with a Probiotic E.-coli Preparation (DSM17252) Compared to Placebo","volume":"47","author":"Enck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1358\/mf.2009.31.10.1441078","article-title":"Effects of a proprietary bacillus coagulans preparation on symptoms of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Dolin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03818.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: Effect of active lactic acid bacteria on mucosal barrier function in patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Zeng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03848.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: A multistrain probiotic preparation significantly reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"29","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-0196-4","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus-SDC 2012, 2013 in patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"53","author":"Sinn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03542.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: Multispecies probiotic supplementation alleviates the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and stabilizes intestinal microbiota","volume":"27","author":"Kajander","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2008.01156.x","article-title":"A mixture of Escherichia coli (DSM 17252) and Enterococcus faecalis (DSM 16440) for treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome\u2014A randomized controlled trial with primary care physicians","volume":"20","author":"Enck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gcb.2007.06.001","article-title":"A double blind randomized controlled trial of a probiotic combination in 100 patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Bieuvelet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. Et Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S218","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31817fadd6","article-title":"Clinical trial on the efficacy of a new symbiotic formulation, Flortec, in patients with irritable bowel syndrome\u2014A multicenter, randomized study","volume":"42","author":"Andriulli","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03853.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: The effects of a fermented milk product containing Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173 010 on abdominal distension and gastrointestinal transit in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation","volume":"29","author":"Agrawal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03362.x","article-title":"Effect of a fermented milk containing Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 on the health-related quality of life and symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome in adults in primary care: A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Guyonnet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00734.x","article-title":"Efficacy of an encapsulated probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 in women with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"101","author":"Whorwell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.11.050","article-title":"Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: Symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles","volume":"128","author":"McCarthy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2005.06.001","article-title":"The efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome\u2014A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study","volume":"24","author":"Niv","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2005.00695.x","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of a probiotic combination VSL# 3 and placebo in irritable bowel syndrome with bloating","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02579.x","article-title":"A probiotic mixture alleviates symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome patients: A controlled 6-month intervention","volume":"22","author":"Kajander","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01543.x","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of a probiotic, VSL#3, on gut transit and symptoms in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200110000-00004","article-title":"A controlled, double-blind, randomized study on the efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum 299V in patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Niedzielin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.02015.x","article-title":"Alteration of intestinal microflora is associated with reduction in abdominal bloating and pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Nobaek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0439-x","article-title":"The pros, cons, and many unknowns of probiotics","volume":"25","author":"Suez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101154","article-title":"Strain-specific and outcome-specific efficacy of probiotics for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"McFarland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eclinicalmedicine"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.032","article-title":"Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: History, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, and Rome IV","volume":"150","author":"Drossman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evalution and Research (CDER) (2023, August 15). Guidance for industry: Irritable Bowel Syndrome\u2014Clinical Evaluation of Drugs for Treatment, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/78622\/download."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07158.x","article-title":"Outcome measures in irritable bowel syndrome: Comparison of psychometric and methodological characteristics","volume":"98","author":"Bijkerk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-11-208","article-title":"Evaluation of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quality of Life (IBS-QOL) questionnaire in diarrheal-predominant irritable bowel syndrome patients","volume":"11","author":"Andrae","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001038","article-title":"Cumulative Effect of Psychological Alterations on Gastrointestinal Symptom Severity in Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"116","author":"Midenfjord","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.04.017","article-title":"AGA Clinical Practice Guideline on the Pharmacological Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhea","volume":"163","author":"Lembo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.04.016","article-title":"AGA Clinical Practice Guideline on the Pharmacological Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation","volume":"163","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"349","article-title":"Efficacy of Probiotics for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/17\/3856\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:46:18Z","timestamp":1760129178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/17\/3856"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15173856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15173856","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]}}}