{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:53:53Z","timestamp":1790916833662,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Graduate School Innovation office, Kyung Hee University","award":["KHU-20230914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KHU-20230914"]}]},{"name":"Graduate School Innovation office, Kyung Hee University","award":["NRF-2020R1I1A2066868"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1I1A2066868"]}]},{"name":"Graduate School Innovation office, Kyung Hee University","award":["2020R1A5A2019413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A5A2019413"]}]},{"name":"Graduate School Innovation office, Kyung Hee University","award":["2022-IT-RD-0205-01-101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-IT-RD-0205-01-101"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["KHU-20230914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KHU-20230914"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["NRF-2020R1I1A2066868"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1I1A2066868"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["2020R1A5A2019413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A5A2019413"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["2022-IT-RD-0205-01-101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-IT-RD-0205-01-101"]}]},{"name":"the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)","award":["KHU-20230914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KHU-20230914"]}]},{"name":"the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)","award":["NRF-2020R1I1A2066868"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1I1A2066868"]}]},{"name":"the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)","award":["2020R1A5A2019413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A5A2019413"]}]},{"name":"the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)","award":["2022-IT-RD-0205-01-101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-IT-RD-0205-01-101"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","award":["KHU-20230914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KHU-20230914"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","award":["NRF-2020R1I1A2066868"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1I1A2066868"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","award":["2020R1A5A2019413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A5A2019413"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","award":["2022-IT-RD-0205-01-101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-IT-RD-0205-01-101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic dysfunction, which includes intra-abdominal adiposity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, manifests into metabolic syndrome and related diseases. Therefore, the discovery of new therapies in the fight against metabolic syndrome is very challenging. This study aims to reveal the existence of an edible bird nest (EBN) as a functional food candidate that may be a new alternative in fighting metabolic syndrome. The study included three approaches: in silico molecular docking simulation, in vitro, and in vivo in rats fed on cholesterol- and fat-enriched diets. Four terpenoids of Bakuchiol, Curculigosaponin A, Dehydrolindestrenolide, and 1-methyl-3-(1-methyl-ethyl)-benzene in EBN have been identified through LCMS\/MS-QTOF. In molecular docking simulations, Bakuchiol and Dehydrolindestrenolide are considered very potent because they have higher inhibitory power on the four receptors (iNOS, ROS1 kinase, FTO, and lipase) than standard drugs. In vitro tests also provide insight into the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiobesity activities of EBN, which is quite feasible due to the smaller EC50 value of EBN compared to standard drugs. Interestingly, in vivo studies also showed significant improvements (p &lt; 0.05) in the lipid profile, blood glucose, enzymatic levels, and inflammatory biomarkers in rats given high-dose dietary supplementation of EBN. More interestingly, high-dose dietary supplementation of EBN upregulates PGC-1\u03b1 and downregulates HMG-CoA reductase. Comprehensively, it has been revealed that EBN can be novel functional foods for combating metabolic syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15183886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T10:23:42Z","timestamp":1693995822000},"page":"3886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Revealing Edible Bird Nest as Novel Functional Foods in Combating Metabolic Syndrome: Comprehensive In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4777-624X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Happy Kurnia","family":"Permatasari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biomolecular, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Queen Intan","family":"Permatasari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1349-5367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurpudji Astuti","family":"Taslim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dionysius","family":"Subali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta 12930, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4811-1696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rudy","family":"Kurniawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Connection Care, Eka Hospital Bumi Serpong Damai, Tangerang 15321, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8165-2072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reggie","family":"Surya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta 11480, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5320-358X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faqrizal Ria","family":"Qhabibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School Department, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melvin Junior","family":"Tanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Coaching Development, PT. Prima Sehat Makmur Utama, Jakarta 12430, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siti Chairiyah","family":"Batubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Technology Department, Sahid University of Jakarta, South Jakarta 12870, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7213-2027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelly","family":"Mayulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Muhammadiyah Manado University, Manado 95249, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Ben","family":"Gunawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andi Yasmin","family":"Syauki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0364-2514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Netty","family":"Salindeho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fishery Products Technology Study Program, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9276-3894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moon Nyeo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6758-507X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Alessandro Jeremis Maruli Nura","family":"Lele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta 13630, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0461-9874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond R.","family":"Tjandrawinata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Science, Dexa Medica Group, Cikarang 17530, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8678-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonglee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2151-0854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahrul","family":"Nurkolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, State Islamic University of Sunan Kalijaga (UIN Sunan Kalijaga), Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2015.10.004","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome Update","volume":"26","author":"Grundy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-018-0812-z","article-title":"The Global Epidemic of the Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Saklayen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms\/152921","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome\u2014A New Definition and Management Guidelines","volume":"18","author":"Dobrowolski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.11.010","article-title":"The Metabolic Syndrome: Inflammation, Diabetes Mellitus, and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"97","author":"Haffner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, July 31). World Obesity Day 2022\u2014Accelerating Action to Stop Obesity. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/04-03-2022-world-obesity-day-2022-accelerating-action-to-stop-obesity."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362","article-title":"Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years","volume":"377","author":"Afshin","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"611","article-title":"Epigenetics and a New Look on Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"64","author":"Behuliak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12313","article-title":"Functional Foods as Potential Therapeutic Options for Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109875","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Edible Bird\u2019s Nest","volume":"140","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626233","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.626233","article-title":"Edible Bird\u2019s Nest: The Functional Values of the Prized Animal-Based Bioproduct from Southeast Asia\u2014A Review","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900419","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201900419","article-title":"Characterization of Polar and Non-Polar Compounds of House Edible Bird\u2019s Nest (EBN) from Johor, Malaysia","volume":"17","author":"Kavita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.03.078","article-title":"Characterization of Edible Bird\u2019s Nest of Different Production, Species and Geographical Origins Using Nutritional Composition, Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activities","volume":"109","author":"Quek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130755","article-title":"Review of Sialic Acid\u2019s Biochemistry, Sources, Extraction and Functions with Special Reference to Edible Bird\u2019s Nest","volume":"367","author":"Ling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2012.06.001","article-title":"Sketch of the Edible Bird\u2019s Nest and Its Important Bioactivities","volume":"48","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760535","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/760535","article-title":"Edible Bird\u2019s Nest Prevents High Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance in Rats","volume":"2015","author":"Yida","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"103","article-title":"Edible Bird\u2019s Nest (EBN) Supplementation Ameliorates the Progression of Hepatic Changes and Atherosclerosis in Hypercholesterolaemic-Induced Rats","volume":"14","author":"Akmal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malays. J. Microsc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632169","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.632169","article-title":"Effect of Hydrolyzed Bird\u2019s Nest on \u03b2-Cell Function and Insulin Signaling in Type 2 Diabetic Mice","volume":"12","author":"Choy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939073","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.939073","article-title":"Metabolomic Assay, Computational Screening, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Caulerpa Racemosa as an Anti-Obesity with Anti-Aging by Altering Lipid Profile and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-\u03b3 Coactivator 1-\u03b1 Levels","volume":"9","author":"Permatasari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Qiao, L., Lewis, R., Hooper, A., Morphet, J., Tan, X., and Yu, K. (2013). Using Natural Products Application Solution with UNIFI for the Identification of Chemical Ingredients of Green Tea Extract, Waters Corporation. Report No. APNT134775221."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2023.100464","article-title":"Antiobesity Potential of Major Metabolites from Clitoria ternatea Kombucha: Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling and Molecular Docking Simulations","volume":"6","author":"Hardinsyah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963065","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.963065","article-title":"Bioactive Peptides Identification and Nutritional Status Ameliorating Properties on Malnourished Rats of Combined Eel and Soy-Based Tempe Flour","volume":"9","author":"Sabrina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2022.08.005","article-title":"Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Markers of Metabolic Syndrome in Mice on Cholesterol and Fat Enriched Diet by Butterfly Pea Flower Kombucha","volume":"5","author":"Permatasari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nurkolis, F., Taslim, N.A., Qhabibi, F.R., Kang, S., Moon, M., Choi, J., Choi, M., Park, M.N., Mayulu, N., and Kim, B. (2023). Ulvophyte Green Algae Caulerpa lentillifera: Metabolites Profile and Antioxidant, Anticancer, Anti-Obesity, and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Properties. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031365"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nurkolis, F., Taslim, N.A., Subali, D., Kurniawan, R., Hardinsyah, H., Gunawan, W.B., Kusuma, R.J., Yusuf, V.M., Pramono, A., and Kang, S. (2023). Dietary Supplementation of Caulerpa racemosa Ameliorates Cardiometabolic Syndrome via Regulation of PRMT-1\/DDAH\/ADMA Pathway and Gut Microbiome in Mice. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040909"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2019.1634515","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of a Sulfated Polysaccharide Isolated from Edible Red Alga Bangia Fusco-Purpurea on \u03b1-Amylase and \u03b1-Glucosidase","volume":"83","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2022.04.015","article-title":"Kombucha Drink Enriched with Sea Grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) as Potential Functional Beverage to Contrast Obesity: An In Vivo and In Vitro Approach","volume":"49","author":"Permatasari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.54952.1","article-title":"Sea Grapes Extract Improves Blood Glucose, Total Cholesterol, and PGC-1\u03b1 in Rats Fed on Cholesterol- and Fat-Enriched Diet","volume":"10","author":"Kuswari","year":"2021","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316101","article-title":"Obesity Phenotypes, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"126","author":"Tchernof","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-023-01069-3","article-title":"Modulatory Effect of Pyrus Pyrifolia Fruit and Its Phenolics on Key Enzymes against Metabolic Syndrome: Bioassay-Guided Approach, HPLC Analysis, and In Silico Study","volume":"78","author":"Mahdy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khella, M.S., Hamdy, N.M., Amin, A.I., and El-Mesallamy, H.O. (2017). The (FTO) Gene Polymorphism Is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Egyptian Females: A Case-Control Study. BMC Med. Genet., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881-017-0461-0"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2023.105555","article-title":"In Silico and in Vitro Studies Reveal a Synergistic Potential Source of Novel Anti-Ageing from Two Indonesian Green Algae","volume":"104","author":"Nurkolis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.01.001","article-title":"Bakuchiol: A Newly Discovered Warrior against Organ Damage","volume":"141","author":"Xin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2020.1821021","article-title":"Linderolide U, a New Sesquiterpene from Lindera aggregata Root","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1514580","article-title":"Saponins as Modulators of Nuclear Receptors","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.06.034","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Edible Swiftlet\u2019s Nest (ESN): Nutritional Bioactive Compounds, Health Benefits as Functional Food, and Recent Development as Bioactive ESN Glycopeptide Hydrolysate","volume":"115","author":"Babji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamad Nasir, N.N., Mohamad Ibrahim, R., Abu Bakar, M.Z., Mahmud, R., and Ab Razak, N.A. (2021). Characterization and Extraction Influence Protein Profiling of Edible Bird\u2019s Nest. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10102248"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"4179676","article-title":"Applications of Antioxidants in Metabolic Disorders and Degenerative Diseases: Mechanistic Approach","volume":"2019","author":"Bungau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"7255413","article-title":"Effects of Antioxidant Supplementation on Metabolic Disorders in Obese Patients from Randomized Clinical Controls: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110314","article-title":"Lipase Inhibitors for Obesity: A Review","volume":"128","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01813A","article-title":"Anti-Obesity Effects of \u03b1-Amylase Inhibitor Enriched-Extract from White Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Associated with the Modulation of Gut Microbiota Composition in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01624","article-title":"Edible Bird\u2019s Nest Protects against Hyperglycemia-Induced Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction","volume":"10","author":"Murugan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1452696","article-title":"PGC-1 \u03b1, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress: An Integrative View in Metabolism","volume":"2020","author":"Ortega","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, C.F., Ku, H.C., and Lin, H. (2018). Pgc-1\u03b1 as a Pivotal Factor in Lipid and Metabolic Regulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113447"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2018.0307","article-title":"Functional Implications of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibition on Glucose Metabolism","volume":"48","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.8b00107","article-title":"Structural Modification of Natural Product Ganomycin I Leading to Discovery of a \u03b1-Glucosidase and HMG-CoA Reductase Dual Inhibitor Improving Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunction in Vivo","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s13142-015-0353-9","article-title":"Effects on Cardiovascular Risk Factors of Weight Losses Limited to 5\u201310%","volume":"6","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monserrat-Mesquida, M., Quetglas-Llabr\u00e9s, M., Cap\u00f3, X., Bouzas, C., Mateos, D., Pons, A., Tur, J.A., and Sureda, A. (2020). Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated with Oxidative Stress and Proinflammatory State. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9030236"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/18\/3886\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:46:15Z","timestamp":1760129175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/18\/3886"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15183886"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15183886","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]}}}