{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T16:49:07Z","timestamp":1793378947971,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global self-esteem is a psychological concept that refers to the overall assessment of oneself as a person of value. Body composition is measured by indices such as BMI, BF, and LBM, which have implications for health and self-esteem. Physical activity is associated with numerous health and self-esteem benefits. The purpose of this study focuses on assessing the relationship between global self-esteem, body composition, and physical activity among Polish students. The study was conducted on a group of 305 students between the ages of 19 and 26. The participants were divided into groups according to their level of physical activity. The SES scale by M. Rosenberg assessed the subjects\u2019 global self-esteem. The results showed a negative correlation between body weight and BMI and global self-esteem, that is, the higher the body weight, the lower the self-esteem. On the other hand, higher levels of physical activity were associated with higher global self-esteem. The study suggests that maintaining healthy physical activity and body composition can help improve global self-esteem. The study highlights the importance of physical activity for mental health and self-esteem. It is worth encouraging and promoting physical activity among students to support an individual\u2019s physical and emotional health. Ultimately, this study may have implications for health policy, education, and intervention for students to emphasize the importance of physical activity for self-esteem and overall health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15183907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T07:57:17Z","timestamp":1694159837000},"page":"3907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Global Self-Esteem, Body Composition, and Physical Activity in Polish University Students"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9330-0771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Krupa-Kotara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Silesian Medical University in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Markowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Silesian Medical University in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Gda\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Silesian Medical University in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6588-8598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Grajek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Silesian Medical University in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliza","family":"Dzia\u0142ach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Silesian Medical University in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9770-9689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Szlachta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Motion Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5955-0790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Rozmiarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Tourism, Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"Assessing the Stability of Self-Esteem and Contingent Self-Esteem","volume":"10","author":"Kernis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Press"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431609332936","article-title":"Global Self-Esteem, Appearance Satisfaction, and Self-Reported Dieting in Early Adolescence","volume":"30","author":"Barker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Early Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hepper, E.G. (2022). Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Calmeiro, L., and Gaspar de Matos, M. (2016). Sport and Exercise Psychology Research, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1529-1006.01431","article-title":"Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles?","volume":"4","author":"Baumeister","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci. Public Interest"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00488-9","article-title":"Role of Body Dissatisfaction in the Onset and Maintenance of Eating Pathology: A Synthesis of Research Findings","volume":"53","author":"Stice","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshimura, E., Tajiri, E., Hatamoto, Y., and Tanaka, S. (2020). Changes in Season Affect Body Weight, Physical Activity, Food Intake, and Sleep in Female College Students: A Preliminary Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238713"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLean, K.C., and Syed, M. (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Identity Development, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199936564.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-12-120","article-title":"Body Composition and Physical Activity in Italian University Students","volume":"12","author":"Zaccagni","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31823fe4ef","article-title":"Are Under- and Overweight Female Elite Athletes Thin and Fat? A Controlled Study","volume":"44","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001275","article-title":"Physical Activity and Global Self-worth in a Longitudinal Study of Children","volume":"49","author":"Reddon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13736","article-title":"Motives and Barriers to Initiation and Sustained Exercise Adherence in a Fitness Club Setting\u2014A One-Year Follow-Up Study","volume":"30","author":"Gjestvang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corazza, O., Simonato, P., Demetrovics, Z., Mooney, R., van de Ven, K., Roman-Urrestarazu, A., R\u00e1cmoln\u00e1r, L., De Luca, I., Cinosi, E., and Santacroce, R. (2019). The Emergence of Exercise Addiction, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, and Other Image-Related Psychopathological Correlates in Fitness Settings: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213060"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1027","article-title":"Correlation between Body Composition and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Chuang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400876136"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661336","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.661336","article-title":"A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study on the Effectiveness of the \u201cThree Good Things for Others\u201d Intervention","volume":"12","author":"Laguna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000073","article-title":"On the factor structure of the Rosenberg (1965) General Self-Esteem Scale","volume":"27","author":"Alessandri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grajek, M., Gda\u0144ska, A., Krupa-Kotara, K., G\u0142ogowska-Ligus, J., and Kobza, J. (2022). Global Self-Esteem, Physical Activity, and Body Composition Changes following a 12-Week Dietary and Physical Activity Intervention in Older Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013220"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"517","article-title":"Skala samooceny Rosenberga: Efekt metody i niezmienno\u015b\u0107 p\u0142ci","volume":"24","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psico-USF"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"e01378","article-title":"Poziomy samooceny a globalne wyniki w skali samooceny Rosenberga","volume":"5","author":"Matheu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Helijon"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2005.00110.x","article-title":"Body Mass Index, Dieting, Romance, and Sexual Activity in Adolescent Girls: Relationships over Time","volume":"15","author":"Halpern","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Res. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.017707","article-title":"Can Exercise Improve Self-esteem in Children and Young People? A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials * Commentary","volume":"39","author":"Ekeland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205510291877425","DOI":"10.1177\/2055102918774251","article-title":"Relationship between Body Mass Index, Body Image, and Fear of Negative Evaluation: Moderating Role of Self-esteem","volume":"5","author":"Ahadzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Open"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-005-9010-9","article-title":"The Skinny on Body Dissatisfaction: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Girls and Boys","volume":"35","author":"Bearman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"105","article-title":"The Impact of Body Image on the Sociocultural Perspective of Personality Traits in Adolescents","volume":"95","author":"Chung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2014.12.002","article-title":"Social Comparisons on Social Media: The Impact of Facebook on Young Women\u2019s Body Image Concerns and Mood","volume":"13","author":"Fardouly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615596713","article-title":"Income Inequality Explains Why Economic Growth Does Not Always Translate to an Increase in Happiness","volume":"26","author":"Oishi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167209359702","article-title":"The Attractive Female Body Weight and Female Body Dissatisfaction in 26 Countries across 10 World Regions: Results of the International Body Project I","volume":"36","author":"Swami","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2005.03.006","article-title":"Body Dissatisfaction and Adolescent Self-esteem: Prospective Findings","volume":"2","author":"Tiggemann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tk\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1, H., Pavl\u00edkov\u00e1, M., Tvrdo\u0148, M., and Jenisov\u00e1, Z. (2021). The Use of Media in the Field of Individual Responsibility for Sustainable Development in Schools: A Proposal for an Approach to Learning about Sustainable Development. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13084138"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.12.001","article-title":"Does body satisfaction matter? Five-year longitudinal associations between body satisfaction and health behaviors in adolescent females and males","volume":"39","author":"Paxton","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.15503\/jecs2022.1.5.14","article-title":"The Collapse of the Ethics of the Public Sphere and its Educational Consequences","volume":"13","author":"Kobylarek","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Educ. Cult. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.15503\/jecs20192.201.215","article-title":"Physical activity, health condition and lifestyle of academic youth","volume":"10","author":"Jakubowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Educ. Cult. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.15503\/jecs2023.1.106.123","article-title":"Social Interventions in the Family in the Post-COVID Pandemic Period","volume":"14","author":"Pavlikova","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Educ. Cult. Soc."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/18\/3907\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:47:12Z","timestamp":1760129232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/18\/3907"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15183907"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15183907","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]}}}