{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:33:56Z","timestamp":1787931236471,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Objective: This case-control study investigated body image dissatisfaction, depression, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adults with type 1 diabetes. (2) Methods: A total of 35 adults with diabetes and an equal number of age- and gender-matched controls were included. Assessment tools used were the Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire (BIDQ), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the RAND 36-Item Health Survey. Both quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed. (3) Results: Body image dissatisfaction did not differ significantly between the groups. However, adults with diabetes reported higher levels of depression (p = 0.002) and lower scores for physical health (p = 0.015) and general health (p &lt; 0.001) on the HRQoL measure. Qualitative analysis identified common themes related to physical disturbance, effect on activities, and psychosocial concerns. (4) Conclusions: Despite similar body image dissatisfaction, adults with type 1 diabetes exhibited increased depression and reduced HRQoL. These findings emphasize the need to integrate psychological well-being into type 1 diabetes management. They also support further research into the impact of body image dissatisfaction in T1D and potential interventions to address it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15183938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T09:09:21Z","timestamp":1694423361000},"page":"3938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Body Image Dissatisfaction, Depression, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: A Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Inns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, P.O. Box 793, Wellington 6140, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Otago, P.O. Box 7343, Wellington 6242, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, P.O. Box 793, Wellington 6140, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Myint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, P.O. Box 793, Wellington 6140, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Lilic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, P.O. Box 793, Wellington 6140, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crispin","family":"Ovenden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, P.O. Box 793, Wellington 6140, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi Y.","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, P.O. Box 793, Wellington 6140, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4718-5917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosemary M.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, P.O. Box 793, Wellington 6140, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Otago, P.O. Box 7343, Wellington 6242, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60591-7","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Atkinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.04.001","article-title":"Etiology of type 1 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Todd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"National Collaborating Centre for Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health (UK) (2020, December 11). Diabetes (Type 1 and Type 2) in Children and Young People: Diagnosis and Management, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK315806\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2020). 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142020. Diabetes Care, 43, S98\u2013S110.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S009"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13305","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes diagnosed before age 15\u2009years in Canterbury, New Zealand: A 50 year record of increasing incidence","volume":"23","author":"Willis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Troncone, A., Cascella, C., Chianese, A., Zanfardino, A., Piscopo, A., Borriello, A., Casaburo, F., Del Giudice, E.M., and Iafusco, D. (2020). Body Image Problems and Disordered Eating Behaviors in Italian Adolescents With and Without Type 1 Diabetes: An Examination With a Gender-Specific Body Image Measure. Front. Psychol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.556520"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uch\u00f4a, F.N.M., Uch\u00f4a, N.M., Daniele, T.M.d.C., Lustosa, R.P., Garrido, N.D., Deana, N.F., Aranha, \u00c1.C.M., and Alves, N. (2019). Influence of the Mass Media and Body Dissatisfaction on the Risk in Adolescents of Developing Eating Disorders. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16091508"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22867","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the relationships between body checking, body image avoidance, body image dissatisfaction, mood, and disordered eating","volume":"51","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106502","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/106502","article-title":"Psychological issues in inflammatory bowel disease: An overview","volume":"2012","author":"Sajadinejad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000255","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2018-000255","article-title":"Body image dissatisfaction in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Beese","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.991","article-title":"Body image and sexual problems in young women with breast cancer","volume":"15","author":"Fobair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.48.1.123","article-title":"Body Image Changes in Teen-Age Diabetics","volume":"48","author":"Kaufman","year":"1971","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(90)90087-K","article-title":"Changes in eating attitudes during the first year of treatment for diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Steel","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/08039480310002101","article-title":"Self-image of adolescents with diabetes mellitus type-I and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"57","author":"Erkolahti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2008.00392.x","article-title":"Disordered eating and body dissatisfaction in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and a population-based comparison sample: Comparative prevalence and clinical implications","volume":"9","author":"Ackard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2013.06.011","article-title":"Psychological correlates of eating disorder symptoms and body image in adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"37","author":"Kaminsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2014.04.005","article-title":"The association between body mass index and physical activity, and body image, self esteem and social support in adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"38","author":"Kaminsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105314529682","article-title":"The evaluation of body image in children with type 1 diabetes: A case-control study","volume":"21","author":"Troncone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-017-0406-9","article-title":"Diabetes, eating disorders and body image in young adults: An exploratory study about \u201cdiabulimia\u201d","volume":"22","author":"Francisco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0333","article-title":"Prediction of the Onset of Disturbed Eating Behavior in Adolescent Girls With Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Olmsted","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsx084","article-title":"Examination of Psychosocial and Physiological Risk for Bulimic Symptoms in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes Transitioning to an Insulin Pump: A Pilot Study","volume":"43","author":"Peterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2018.03.169","article-title":"Changes in body image and onset of disordered eating behaviors in youth with type 1 diabetes over a five-year longitudinal follow-up","volume":"109","author":"Troncone","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199612)13:12<1009::AID-DIA281>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Women and diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Lunt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(01)00243-4","article-title":"Links between psychological sense of control and disturbed eating behavior in women with diabetes mellitus. Implications for predictors of metabolic control","volume":"52","author":"Surgenor","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2013.07.003","article-title":"Body appreciation in adult women: Relationships with age and body satisfaction","volume":"10","author":"Tiggemann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Sabbah, H., Vereecken, C.A., Elgar, F.J., Nansel, T., Aasvee, K., Abdeen, Z., Ojala, K., Ahluwalia, N., and Maes, L. (2009). Body weight dissatisfaction and communication with parents among adolescents in 24 countries: International cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-52"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-015-0048-0","article-title":"Relationships between body size attitudes and body image of 4-year-old boys and girls, and attitudes of their fathers and mothers","volume":"3","author":"Damiano","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2004.10.001","article-title":"Measuring \u201cnegative body image\u201d: Validation of the Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire in a nonclinical population","volume":"1","author":"Cash","year":"2004","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199206000-00002","article-title":"The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection","volume":"30","author":"Ware","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2005.03.007","article-title":"The norms and stability of new measures of the multidimensional body image construct","volume":"2","author":"Cash","year":"2005","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Strauss Anselm, B.G. (2017). Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing Grounded Theory, SAGE Publications Ltd.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Flick, U. (2009). An Introduction to Qualitative Research, SAGE."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000287","article-title":"Body image dissatisfaction: Clinical features, and psychosocial disability in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"21","author":"McDermott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-017-0978-x","article-title":"Why should people with type 1 diabetes exercise regularly?","volume":"54","author":"Codella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3857-4","article-title":"Life expectancy of type 1 diabetic patients during 1997\u20132010: A national Australian registry-based cohort study","volume":"59","author":"Huo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.65.5.731","article-title":"Depression, anthropometric parameters, and body image in adults: A systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.07.003","article-title":"Body appreciation and its psychological correlates: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Linardon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.10102","article-title":"Prospective Trial Management Group Patient-reported outcomes and their predictors at 2- and 3-year follow-up after immediate latissimus dorsi breast reconstruction and adjuvant treatment","volume":"103","author":"Winters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/02646838.2017.1396301","article-title":"The associations between depressive and anxiety symptoms, body image, and weight in the first year postpartum: A rapid systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Hartley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infant Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14187","article-title":"Self-concept and body image of people living with lupus: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105316672923","article-title":"Body dissatisfaction predicts inflammatory status in asymptomatic healthy individuals","volume":"23","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2000.75","article-title":"The relationship between body image discrepancy and body mass index across ethnic groups","volume":"8","author":"Fitzgibbon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2020.08.013","article-title":"Body shape concerns across racial and ethnic groups among adults in the United States: More similarities than differences","volume":"35","author":"Olson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikolajczyk, R.T., Iannotti, R.J., Farhat, T., and Thomas, V. (2012). Ethnic differences in perceptions of body satisfaction and body appearance among U.S. Schoolchildren: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-425"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000246","article-title":"An app-based blended intervention to reduce body dissatisfaction: A randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"85","author":"Kollei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Consult Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23659","article-title":"Secondary effects of body dissatisfaction interventions on adolescent depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Ahuvia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/18\/3938\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:48:54Z","timestamp":1760129334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/18\/3938"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15183938"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15183938","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]}}}