{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:11:42Z","timestamp":1789171902308,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad, India"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents findings from a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in Attappadi, Kerala, India, aimed at assessing the prevalence of the triple burden of malnutrition among indigenous children aged 0\u201319 years. Historically, the indigenous population in Attappadi has faced significant developmental challenges, including high rates of malnutrition, infant mortality, and neonatal mortality. This study revealed alarming rates of undernutrition among children aged 0\u201359 months, with 40.9% experiencing stunting, 27.4% wasting, and 48.3% being underweight. Adolescent girls also suffered from undernutrition, with 21% classified as underweight and 43.3% experiencing stunting. Surprisingly, overweight or obesity was identified as a nutritional problem, affecting 1.4% of children aged 0\u201359 months, 4.2% of children aged 5\u20139 years, and 10.5% of adolescent girls. Additionally, a distressing proportion of young children aged 12\u201359 months (91.2%) were anaemic, with 50% diagnosed specifically with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). Nearly all adolescent girls (96.6%) were reportedly suffering from anaemia. Deficiencies in vitamin B12, vitamin D, folate, and vitamin-A were prevalent among 35%, 20%, 16%, and 12% of children aged 12\u201359 months, respectively. The study underscores the urgent need for comprehensive interventions to address this triple burden of malnutrition. Recommendations include promoting culturally appropriate local food-based solutions, establishing participatory and community-led systems for health and nutrition information dissemination, and strengthening the nutrition surveillance system through village-level health and nutrition workers. By adopting a holistic approach, these interventions can help improve the nutritional status and well-being of the indigenous tribal children in Attappadi.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15183995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T23:32:27Z","timestamp":1694993547000},"page":"3995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Examining the Triple Burden of Malnutrition: Insights from a Community-Based Comprehensive Nutrition Survey among Indigenous Tribal Children (0\u201319 Years) in the Western Ghats Hills of India"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Abdul","family":"Jaleel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Nutrition, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad 500007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Arlappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Nutrition, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad 500007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. Sree","family":"Ramakrishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Nutrition, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad 500007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. V.","family":"Sunu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Nutrition, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad 500007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Jayalakshmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Nutrition, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad 500007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Neeraja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Nutrition, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad 500007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Narasimhulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Nutrition, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad 500007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Santhosh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Nutrition, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad 500007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senthil B.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Statistics, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai 600031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32755-1","article-title":"Indigenous health data and the path to healing","volume":"390","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-018-0495-9","article-title":"Insiders\u2019 Insight: Discrimination against Indigenous Peoples through the Eyes of Health Care Professionals","volume":"6","author":"Wylie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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