{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T13:03:54Z","timestamp":1789736634097,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]],"date-time":"2023-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Next Generation EU funds","award":["RD21\/0012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Perinatal stress experienced by mothers of very premature newborns may influence the mother\u2019s milk and the infant\u2019s intestinal microbiota. This prospective study of mothers of very preterm infants fed with mother\u2019s own milk (MOM) was carried out in a tertiary hospital over a 2-year period. The assessment of maternal stress in 45 mothers of 52 very preterm newborns using the parental stress scale (PSS:NICU) revealed an inverse relationship between stress and MOM production in the first days of life (p = 0.012). The greatest contributor to stress was the one related to the establishment of a mother\u2013child bond. Maternal stress was lower in mothers in whom the kangaroo method was established early (p = 0.011) and in those with a higher educational level (p = 0.032). Levels of fecal calprotectin (FC) decreased with the passage of days and were directly correlated with birthweight (p = 0.044). FC levels 7 days post-delivery were lower in newborns that received postnatal antibiotics (p = 0.027). High levels of maternal stress resulted in progressive decreases and increases in the proportions of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria species, respectively, over 15 days post-delivery, both in MOM and in fecal samples from premature newborns. These findings underscore the importance of recognizing and appropriately managing maternal stress in neonatal units, given its marked influence on both the microbiota of maternal milk and the intestinal microbiota of premature newborns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15184006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T23:32:27Z","timestamp":1694993547000},"page":"4006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effects of Maternal Stress on Breast Milk Production and the Microbiota of Very Premature Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Carmen","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Tu\u00f1as","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS-SAMID), Carlos III Health Institute, 5 Monforte de Lemos Av., 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1434-7470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"P\u00e9rez-Mu\u00f1uzuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS-SAMID), Carlos III Health Institute, 5 Monforte de Lemos Av., 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4580-7126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Trastoy-Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela University, 15706 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"P\u00e9rez del Molino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela University, 15706 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4861-9905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda L.","family":"Couce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS-SAMID), Carlos III Health Institute, 5 Monforte de Lemos Av., 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2012.10.002","article-title":"Human milk composition: Nutrients and bioactive factors","volume":"60","author":"Ballard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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