{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:11:08Z","timestamp":1762254668952,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline","award":["3200B0-105993","3200B0-118308","33CSCO-122661","33CS30-139468","33CS30-148401","33CS30-177535","3247730_204523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3200B0-105993","3200B0-118308","33CSCO-122661","33CS30-139468","33CS30-148401","33CS30-177535","3247730_204523"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne","award":["3200B0-105993","3200B0-118308","33CSCO-122661","33CS30-139468","33CS30-148401","33CS30-177535","3247730_204523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3200B0-105993","3200B0-118308","33CSCO-122661","33CS30-139468","33CS30-148401","33CS30-177535","3247730_204523"]}]},{"name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","award":["3200B0-105993","3200B0-118308","33CSCO-122661","33CS30-139468","33CS30-148401","33CS30-177535","3247730_204523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3200B0-105993","3200B0-118308","33CSCO-122661","33CS30-139468","33CS30-148401","33CS30-177535","3247730_204523"]}]},{"name":"Swiss Personalized Health Network","award":["3200B0-105993","3200B0-118308","33CSCO-122661","33CS30-139468","33CS30-148401","33CS30-177535","3247730_204523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3200B0-105993","3200B0-118308","33CSCO-122661","33CS30-139468","33CS30-148401","33CS30-177535","3247730_204523"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: A recent review concluded that there was no strong evidence for beneficial vitamin D effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, but whether individuals with vitamin D deficiency have a higher risk of CVD should be further studied. (2) Aims: We assessed the association between vitamin D levels and CVD events, CVD mortality, and overall mortality in a prospective population-based study in Lausanne, Switzerland. (3) Methods: A total of 5684 participants (53.6% women, 52.5 \u00b1 10.7 years) were followed for a median of 14.4 years [interquartile range: 10.7\u201316.6]. Vitamin D blood levels were categorized as normal (\u226575 nmol\/L or 30 ng\/mL), insufficient (50\u201374 nmol\/L or 21\u201329 ng\/mL), and deficient (&lt;50 nmol\/L or 20 ng\/mL). (4) Results: In total, 568 cardiovascular events, 114 cardiovascular deaths, and 679 deaths occurred during follow-up. After multivariate analysis, vitamin D levels were negatively associated with CVD events: hazard ratio and (95% confidence interval) for a 10 nmol\/L increase: 0.96 (0.92\u20130.99). However, no association was found for CVD [0.93 (0.84\u20131.04)] and overall mortality [0.98 (0.94\u20131.02)]. No associations were found between vitamin D categories and CVD events, 0.93 (0.71\u20131.22) and 1.14 (0.87\u20131.49); CVD deaths, 0.78 (0.41\u20131.50) and 1.10 (0.57\u20132.12); and overall mortality, 1.10 (0.82\u20131.48); and 1.17 (0.87\u20131.58) for insufficiency and deficiency, respectively. After excluding participants taking vitamin D supplements, similar results were obtained. (5) Conclusion: In this prospective population-based study, vitamin D levels were inversely associated with CVD events but not with CVD or overall mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15184046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T02:47:52Z","timestamp":1695091672000},"page":"4046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Vitamin D Levels Are Associated with Cardiovascular Disease Events but Not with Cardiovascular Disease or Overall Mortality: A Prospective Population-Based Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0853-1458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pollyanna","family":"Patriota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Nutrition and Health Foundation, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Idris","family":"Guessous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Primary Care Medicine, Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0691-2153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Rezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Nutrition and Health Foundation, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4548-8500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Marques-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 46 rue du Bugnon, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-3324","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency Increases Mortality Risk in the UK Biobank: A nonlinear Mendelian randomization study","volume":"175","author":"Sutherland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. 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