{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T16:46:43Z","timestamp":1773334003996,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82200932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82200932"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81870549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870549"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["TJYXZDXK-075C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TJYXZDXK-075C"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin Key Medical Discipline (Specialty) Construction Project","award":["82200932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82200932"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin Key Medical Discipline (Specialty) Construction Project","award":["81870549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870549"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin Key Medical Discipline (Specialty) Construction Project","award":["TJYXZDXK-075C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TJYXZDXK-075C"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: To estimate associations of sulfur-containing amino acids (SAAs) in the early trimester of pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and estimate associations of maternal SAAs with adverse growth patterns in offspring. Methods: We established a 1:1 matched case-control study (n = 486) from our cohort of pregnant women, and 401 children were followed up at ages 1 to 8 years. We conducted binary conditional logistic regression to estimate the risk associations of serum SAAs with GDM. Multinomial logistic regression was implemented to explore associations of maternal SAAs with adverse growth patterns in the offspring. Results: High serum methionine and cystine were independently associated with increased GDM risk (OR: 1.92, 95%CI: 1.18\u20133.13 and 2.69, 1.59\u20134.53). Conversely, a low level of serum taurine was independently associated with increased GDM risk (2.61, 1.64\u20134.16). Maternal high cystine and low taurine were also associated with an increased risk of persistent obesity growth pattern (POGP) in offspring (OR: 2.79, 95%CI: 1.09\u20137.17 and 3.92, 1.11\u201313.89) and the effect was largely independent of GDM. Conclusions: High serum methionine, cystine and low serum taurine in the early trimester of pregnancy were associated with a greatly increased risk of GDM. Maternal high cystine and low taurine were associated with elevated risk of offspring POGP, largely independent of GDM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15184089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T21:16:49Z","timestamp":1695331009000},"page":"4089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Serum Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids and Risk of Maternal Gestational Diabetes and Adverse Growth Patterns in Offspring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ninghua","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yijuan","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Project Office, Tianjin Women and Children\u2019s Health Center, Tianjin 300070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiqin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Project Office, Tianjin Women and Children\u2019s Health Center, Tianjin 300070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Project Office, Tianjin Women and Children\u2019s Health Center, Tianjin 300070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhijie","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Cancer Research Program and Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS 15000, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6172-8017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Disease Epidemiology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongze","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China"},{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junhong","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Project Office, Tianjin Women and Children\u2019s Health Center, Tianjin 300070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9462-7992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xilin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109050","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Estimation of Global and Regional Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevalence for 2021 by International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group\u2019s Criteria","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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