{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:30:27Z","timestamp":1787959827968,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute (NCI) Interdisciplinary Training Grant in Cancer Epidemiology Interdisciplinary Training in Cancer Epidemiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25CA113951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25CA113951"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute (NCI) Interdisciplinary Training Grant in Cancer Epidemiology Interdisciplinary Training in Cancer Epidemiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32CA113951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32CA113951"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"Interdisciplinary Training in Cancer Epidemiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25CA113951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25CA113951"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"Interdisciplinary Training in Cancer Epidemiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32CA113951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32CA113951"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is hypothesized that garlic, Allium sativum, might protect against oxidative stress that causes damage to cells and tissues leading to the development of various health conditions including cancer. However, it is not known whether garlic\u2019s potential anticancer benefits differ by form of garlic consumed. This study aimed to quantify and compare the in vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of several garlic forms in water and alcohol extracts including fresh garlic, fresh garlic set aside, heated garlic, heated garlic set aside, garlic powder, black garlic, two commercially available garlic supplements. Antioxidant activity of different garlic forms were measured using three assays: DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assay, superoxide assay, and hydroxyl assay. In vitro effects of garlic extracts were investigated against the most common lung cancer subtypes: H520, H1975, and A549 cell lines using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Among free radical scavenging assays, Garlicin\u00ae, a commercially available supplement, displayed high antioxidant activity in water and alcohol extracts (DPPH assay: 2.02 mg AAE (mg ascorbic acid equivalent)\/g garlic and 3.53 mg AAE\/g garlic, respectively; superoxide assay: 6.73 mg AAE\/g garlic and 7.13 mg AAE\/g garlic, respectively). In the hydroxyl assay, water extract of fresh garlic crushed and set aside for 10 min showed the highest antioxidant activity. Garlicin\u00ae alcohol extract and fresh garlic water extracts strongly inhibited the proliferation of H1975, A549 and H520 cells. Other forms of garlic including garlic powder and black garlic exhibited low antioxidant and antiproliferative activity. Our results demonstrate that the preparation and processing methods of garlic may lead to different antioxidant benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T03:44:42Z","timestamp":1695354282000},"page":"4099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Several Garlic Forms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Farhat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Scheving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6512-7713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana S.","family":"Aga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0030-6520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela A.","family":"Hershberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9301-0499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo L.","family":"Freudenheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Hageman Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj J.","family":"Mammen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.3.955S","article-title":"Intake of garlic and its bioactive components","volume":"131","author":"Amagase","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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