{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T08:03:39Z","timestamp":1787213019102,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["016\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["016\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that affects reproductive-age women and predisposes them to the development of metabolic disturbances. Recent research has shown that several metabolic factors may play a role in PCOS pathogenesis, and it has been suggested that an alteration in the amino acid profile might be a predictive sign of metabolic disorders. Metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) are concepts that have attracted scientific attention; however, a universal definition has not been established yet for these terms. Already existing definitions of MHO involve the coexistence of obesity with the absence or minimal presence of other metabolic syndrome parameters. A group of 326 women, 209 diagnosed with PCOS and 117 healthy individuals, participated in this study. Multiple parameters were assessed, including anthropometrical, biochemical, and hormonal ones, and gas\u2013liquid chromatography, combined with tandem mass spectrometry, was used to investigate the amino acid profile. Statistical analysis revealed noticeably higher levels of all aromatic amino acids in PCOS women compared to the control group: phenylalanine 47.37 \u00b1 7.0 vs. 45.4 \u00b1 6.09 nmol\/mL (p = 0.01), tyrosine 61.69 \u00b1 9.56 vs. 58.08 \u00b1 8.89 nmol\/mL (p &lt; 0.01), and tryptophan 53.66 \u00b1 11.42 vs. 49.81 \u00b1 11.18 nmol\/mL (p &lt; 0.01); however, there was no significant difference in the \u201ctryptophan ratio\u201d between the PCOS and control group (p = 0.88). A comparison of MHO and MUO PCOS women revealed that LAP, leucine, and isoleucine concentrations were significantly higher among the MUO subgroup: respectively, 101.98 \u00b1 34.74 vs. 55.80 \u00b1 24.33 (p &lt; 0.001); 153.26 \u00b1 22.26 vs. 137.25 \u00b1 25.76 nmol\/mL (p = 0.04); and 92.92 \u00b1 16.09 vs. 82.60 \u00b1 18.70 nmol\/mL (p = 0.02). No significant differences in BMI, fasting glucose, and HOMA-IR between MHO and MUO were found: respectively, 35.0 \u00b1 4.8 vs. 36.1 \u00b1 4.6 kg\/m2 (p = 0.59); 88.0 \u00b1 6.0 vs. 87.73 \u00b1 6.28 mg\/dL (p = 0.67); and 3.36 \u00b1 1.70 vs. 4.17 \u00b1 1.77 (p = 0.1). The identification of altered amino acid profiles in PCOS holds potential clinical implications. Amino acids may serve as biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring the metabolic status of individuals with PCOS. The alteration of BCAAs and AAAs may be involved in PCOS pathogenesis, but the underlying mechanism should be further investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T08:55:01Z","timestamp":1695718501000},"page":"4153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Alteration of Branched-Chain and Aromatic Amino Acid Profile as a Novel Approach in Studying Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0619-4670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Paczkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Racho\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4499-1574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Rybka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2722-9596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kapczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2360-6596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Bolanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Daroszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2016.1159672","article-title":"Effect of IGF-I and TNF-\u03b1 on intensification of steroid pathways in women with PCOS phenotypes are not identical. 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