{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:23:38Z","timestamp":1790223818568,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Science and Technology Project of Yunnan Province","award":["202202AG050009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202202AG050009"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Project of Yunnan Province","award":["YNWR-QNBJ-2018-126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YNWR-QNBJ-2018-126"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Ten Thousand Talents Plan Young and Elite Talents Project","award":["202202AG050009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202202AG050009"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Ten Thousand Talents Plan Young and Elite Talents Project","award":["YNWR-QNBJ-2018-126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YNWR-QNBJ-2018-126"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alcoholic liver disease (ALD), leading to the most common chronic liver diseases, is increasingly emerging as a global health problem, which is intensifying the need to develop novel treatments. Herein, our work aimed to estimate the therapeutic efficacy of red rice (Oryza sativa L.) seed coat on ALD and further uncover the underlying mechanisms. Red rice seed coat extract (RRA) was obtained with citric acid\u2013ethanol and analyzed via a widely targeted components approach. The potential targets of RRA to ALD were predicted by bioinformatics analysis. Drunken behavior, histopathological examination, liver function, gut microbiota composition and intestinal barrier integrity were used to assess the effects of RRA (RRAH, 600 mg\/kg\u00b7body weight; RRAL, 200 mg\/kg\u00b7body weight) on ALD. Oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis associated factors and signaling pathways were measured by corresponding kits, Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. In ALD model mice, RRA treatment increased sphingosine kinase 2 (SPHK2) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels, improved gut microbiota composition, restored intestinal barrier, decreased lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels in plasma and the liver, cut down Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)\/Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB) pathways, alleviated liver pathological injury and oxidative stress, attenuated inflammation and apoptosis and enhanced liver function. To sum up, RRA targeting SPHK2 can ameliorate ALD by repairing intestinal barrier damage and reducing liver LPS level via the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway and intestinal microbiota, revealing that red rice seed coat holds potential as a functional food for the prevention and treatment of ALD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T01:51:14Z","timestamp":1695865874000},"page":"4176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Red Rice Seed Coat Targeting SPHK2 Ameliorated Alcoholic Liver Disease via Restored Intestinal Barrier and Improved Gut Microbiota in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuxu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiye","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shancheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaxian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiaolong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6591-0425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5553-8399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guiguang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"869","article-title":"Alcoholic-related liver disease: Pathogenesis, management and future therapeutic developments","volume":"112","author":"Argemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. 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