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Interleukin-13 (IL-13) has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in SCI. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in microbiota composition after hemisection injury and to determine whether systemic recombinant (r)IL-13 treatment could alter the gut microbiome, indirectly promoting functional recovery. The gut microbiota composition was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and correlations between gut microbiota alterations and functional recovery were assessed. Our results showed that there were no changes in alpha diversity between the groups before and after SCI, while PERMANOVA analysis for beta diversity showed significant differences in fecal microbial communities. Phylogenetic classification of bacterial families revealed a lower abundance of the Bacteroidales S24-7 group and a higher abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillaceae in the post-SCI group. Systemic rIL-13 treatment improved functional recovery 28 days post-injury and microbiota analysis revealed increased relative abundance of Clostridiales vadin BB60 and Acetitomaculum and decreased Anaeroplasma, Ruminiclostridium_6, and Ruminococcus compared to controls. Functional assessment with PICRUSt showed that genes related to glyoxylate cycle and palmitoleate biosynthesis-I were the predominant signatures in the rIL-13-treated group, whereas sulfolactate degradation super pathway and formaldehyde assimilation-I were enriched in controls. In conclusion, our results indicate that rIL-13 treatment promotes changes in gut microbial communities and may thereby contribute indirectly to the improvement of functional recovery in mice, possibly having important implications for the development of novel treatment options for SCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T01:51:14Z","timestamp":1695865874000},"page":"4184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of Recombinant IL-13 Treatment on Gut Microbiota Composition and Functional Recovery after Hemisection Spinal Cord Injury in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Hamad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2884-1763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Van Broeckhoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Cardilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2308-406X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels","family":"Hellings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0185-1459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Till","family":"Strowig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Lemmens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Hendrix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2832-3149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Kleinewietfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01356-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.01356-20","article-title":"Spinal Cord Injury Changes the Structure and Functional Potential of Gut Bacterial and Viral Communities","volume":"6","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12567","article-title":"Gut microbiota: Role in pathogen colonization, immune responses, and inflammatory disease","volume":"279","author":"Pickard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. 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