{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T16:17:43Z","timestamp":1789143463508,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]],"date-time":"2023-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypertension is the leading preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality worldwide. However, studies have shown increased risk of mortality from heart disease and stroke even within the normal blood pressure (BP) range, starting at BPs above 110\u2013115\/70\u201375 mm Hg. Nutraceuticals, such as vitamins and minerals, have been studied extensively for their efficacy in lowering BP and may be of benefit to the general, normotensive population in achieving optimal BP. Our study investigated the effects of six nutraceuticals (Vitamins: C, D, E; Minerals: Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium) on both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in this population. We performed a systematic review and pairwise meta-analysis for all six supplements versus placebo. Calcium and magnesium achieved significant reductions in both SBP and DBP of \u22121.37\/\u22121.63 mm Hg and \u22122.79\/\u22121.56 mm Hg, respectively. Vitamin E and potassium only yielded significant reductions in SBP with values of \u22121.76 mm Hg and \u22122.10 mm Hg, respectively. Vitamins C and D were not found to significantly lower either SBP or DBP. Future studies should determine optimal dosage and treatment length for these supplements in the general, normotensive population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T04:28:08Z","timestamp":1696220888000},"page":"4223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Vitamins and Minerals for Blood Pressure Reduction in the General, Normotensive Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Six Supplements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2951-7244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Behers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Melchor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett M.","family":"Behers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 560 Channel Side Drive MDD 54, Tampa, FL 33602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Florida State University, 117 N Woodward Ave., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palmer J.","family":"Swanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Florida State University, 117 N Woodward Ave., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hunter I.","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel J.","family":"Mendez Araque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 560 Channel Side Drive MDD 54, Tampa, FL 33602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua L.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron J.","family":"Gerhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rushabh S.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binit S.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Residency, Florida State University, 1700 South Tamiami Trail, Sarasota, FL 34239, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxann W.","family":"Mouratidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Sweeney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0244-2","article-title":"The Global Epidemiology of Hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Mills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kochanek, K.D., Murphy, S.L., Xu, J., and Arias, E. (2023, September 09). Deaths: Final Data for 2017 pdf Icon [PDF\u20141.76 MB], National Vital Statistics Reports, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nvsr\/nvsr68\/nvsr68_09-508.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.005","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA Guideline For The Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, And Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Executive Summary: A Report of The American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"71","author":"Whelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1903","article-title":"Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-Specific Relevance of Usual Blood Pressure to Vascular Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Individual Data For One Million Adults in 61 Prospective Studies","volume":"360","author":"Lissner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet (Br. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b1665","article-title":"Use of Blood Pressure Lowering Drugs in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Meta-Analysis of 147 Randomised Trials in the Context of Expectations From Prospective Epidemiological Studies","volume":"338","author":"Law","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12902","article-title":"Nutraceuticals with A Clinically Detectable Blood Pressure-Lowering Effect: A Review of Available Randomized Clinical Trials and Their Meta-Analyses","volume":"83","author":"Borghi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiu, H.F., Venkatakrishnan, K., Golovinskaia, O., and Wang, C.K. (2021). Impact of Micronutrients on Hypertension: Evidence from Clinical Trials with A Special Focus on Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020588"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17399","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M002248200","article-title":"Ascorbic Acid Enhances Endothelial Nitric-Oxide Synthase Activity By Increasing Intracellular Tetrahydrobiopterin","volume":"275","author":"Huang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314S","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2010.10719846","article-title":"Palm Oil-Derived Natural Vitamin E A-Tocotrienol In Brain Health And Disease","volume":"29","author":"Sen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"87","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin E Administration on Blood Pressure Following Reperfusion of Patients With Myocardial Infarction","volume":"12","author":"Raghuvanshi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.148619","article-title":"Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Regulation of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Humans","volume":"55","author":"Forman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villa-Etchegoyen, C., Lombarte, M., Matamoros, N., Beliz\u00e1n, J.M., and Cormick, G. (2019). Mechanisms Involved in the Relationship Between Low Calcium Intake and High Blood Pressure. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051112"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754250","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/754250","article-title":"Magnesium and Vascular Changes in Hypertension","volume":"2012","author":"Cunha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4451","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276844","article-title":"K+ and the Renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone System: New Insights into Their Role in Blood Pressure Control and Hypertension Treatment","volume":"597","author":"Poulsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19274","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019274","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin C Supplementation on Essential Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"99","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E03","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd17.190307","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D on Blood Pressure And Hypertension In The General Population: An Update Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies And Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-019-0192-0","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin E Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Emami","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"CD010037","article-title":"Calcium Supplementation for Prevention of Primary Hypertension","volume":"1","author":"Cormick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07664","article-title":"Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trials","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E015719","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.015719","article-title":"Potassium Intake and Blood Pressure: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"9","author":"Filippini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"N71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2023, August 11). Covidence Systematic Review Software, Veritas Health Innovation, Melbourne, Australia [Internet]. Available online: www.covidence.org."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., Savovi\u0107, J., Page, M.J., Elbers, R.G., and Sterne, J.A.C. (2019). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., Li, T., and Deeks, J.J. (2019). Cochrane Handbook For Systematic Reviews of Interventions, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., Eldridge, S., and Li, T. (2019). Cochrane Handbook For Systematic Reviews of Interventions, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2307\/3001666","article-title":"The Combination of Estimates From Different Experiments","volume":"10","author":"Cochran","year":"1954","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring Inconsistency in Meta-Analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1316","article-title":"A Comparison of Heterogeneity Variance Estimators in Simulated Random-Effects Meta-Analyses","volume":"10","author":"Langan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"471","article-title":"Bias In Meta-Analysis Detected By A Simple, Graphical Test. Increase in Studies of Publication Bias Coincided with Increasing Use of Meta-Analysis","volume":"316","author":"Song","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Light, R.J., and Pillemer, D.B. (1984). Summing Up: The Science of Reviewing Research, Harvard University Press.","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674040243"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2022.101830","article-title":"The Effect Direction Should Be Taken into Account When Assessing Small-Study Effects","volume":"23","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Evid. -Based Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwarzer, G., Carpenter, J.R., and R\u00fccker, G. (2015). Meta-Analysis With R, Springer International Publishing. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21416-0"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.13021","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on cardiometabolic disease risk among overweight\/obese adult males in United Kingdom-A pilot randomised controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Agbalalah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018816653357","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular disease risk factors and exercise performance in healthy participants: A randomized placebo-controlled preliminary study","volume":"7","author":"Munir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3329\/bjms.v20i2.51561","article-title":"Role of vitamin d in prevention of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"20","author":"Aringazina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bangladesh J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-198606000-00013","article-title":"Potassium supplementation does not lower blood pressure in normotensive women","volume":"4","author":"Barden","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03330330039033","article-title":"Reduction of blood pressure with calcium supplementation in young adults","volume":"249","author":"Belizan","year":"1983","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510002904","article-title":"Increased potassium intake from fruit and vegetables or supplements does not lower blood pressure or improve vascular function in UK men and women with early hypertension: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"104","author":"Berry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1001\/archfami.9.1.31","article-title":"Effect of calcium supplementation on serum cholesterol and blood pressure: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Bostick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1996.00440010079010","article-title":"Effect of potassium supplementation on blood pressure in African Americans on a low-potassium diet. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"156","author":"Brancati","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507864853","article-title":"The effect of a dietary supplement of potassium chloride or potassium citrate on blood pressure in predominantly normotensive volunteers","volume":"99","author":"Braschi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bressendorff, I., Brandi, L., Schou, M., Nygaard, B., Frandsen, N.E., Rasmussen, K., \u00d8dum, L., \u00d8stergaard, O.V., and Hansen, D. (2016). The Effect of High Dose Cholecalciferol on Arterial Stiffness and Peripheral and Central Blood Pressure in Healthy Humans: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160905"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2013.07.003","article-title":"Effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure and serum lipids and carotenoids: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial","volume":"23","author":"Chai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2022.111674","article-title":"The effect of combined magnesium and vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status, systemic inflammation, and blood pressure: A randomized double-blinded controlled trial","volume":"99\u2013100","author":"Cheung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2014.05.010","article-title":"Effects of magnesium supplements on blood pressure, endothelial function and metabolic parameters in healthy young men with a family history of metabolic syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Cosaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600714","article-title":"The effect of magnesium supplementation on biochemical markers of bone metabolism or blood pressure in healthy young adult females","volume":"53","author":"Doyle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa114","article-title":"Effect of increased potassium intake on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and subcutaneous resistance arteries: A randomized crossover study","volume":"36","author":"Dreier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200103000-00024","article-title":"The effects of magnesium supplementation on exercise performance","volume":"33","author":"Finstad","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00659","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure in blacks","volume":"61","author":"Forman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12625","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D2 or D3 supplementation on glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk among people at risk of type 2 diabetes: Results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Forouhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200018040-00009","article-title":"Effect of vitamin C on ambulatory blood pressure and plasma lipids in older persons","volume":"18","author":"Fotherby","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gariballa, S., Yasin, J., and Alessa, A. (2022). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation with or without calcium in community-dwelling vitamin D deficient subjects. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05364-z"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200107000-00019","article-title":"Effect of potassium supplementation on blood pressure in Chinese: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Gu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(07)70116-7","article-title":"Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic subjects with insulin resistance. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial","volume":"30","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"91","article-title":"The effect of calcium supplementation on blood pressure in non-pregnant women with previous pre-eclampsia: A randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"23","author":"Hofmeyr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens. Int. J. Women\u2019s Cardiovasc. Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2005.04.028","article-title":"Soy isoflavone and ascorbic acid supplementation alone or in combination minimally affect plasma lipid peroxides in healthy postmenopausal women","volume":"105","author":"Hutchins","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2021.1988560","article-title":"Effectiveness of vitamin D2 supplementation on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and other metabolic indices in menopausal Thai women: A randomized-controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Indhavivadhana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19970191","article-title":"The effects of high oral magnesium supplementation on blood pressure, serum lipids and related variables in apparently healthy Japanese subjects","volume":"78","author":"Itoh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.131466","article-title":"Long-term magnesium supplementation improves arterial stiffness in overweight and obese adults: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention trial","volume":"103","author":"Joris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-015-0081-z","article-title":"The effect of acute vs chronic magnesium supplementation on exercise and recovery on resistance exercise, blood pressure and total peripheral resistance on normotensive adults","volume":"12","author":"Kass","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/36.5.840","article-title":"Lung function and treadmill performance of smoking and nonsmoking males receiving ascorbic acid supplements","volume":"36","author":"Keith","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)92787-8","article-title":"Randomised double-blind cross-over trial of potassium on blood-pressure in normal subjects","volume":"2","author":"Khaw","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_329_15","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D supplementation on weight loss, glycemic indices, and lipid profile in obese and overweight women: A clinical trial study","volume":"9","author":"Khosravi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0144","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation does not improve CVD risk factors in vitamin D-insufficient subjects","volume":"7","author":"Kubiak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2009.01.002","article-title":"Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and blood pressure in normo-magnesemic nondiabetic overweight Korean adults","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.14","article-title":"Effects of multivitamin and mineral supplementation on adiposity, energy expenditure and lipid profiles in obese Chinese women","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199508000-00008","article-title":"Dietary calcium, blood pressure and cell membrane cation transport systems in males","volume":"13","author":"Lijnen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/2.1.14","article-title":"Effects of oral calcium, potassium, digoxin, and nifedipine on natriuresis in normal humans","volume":"2","author":"Luft","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lutsey, P.L., Chen, L.Y., Eaton, A., Jaeb, M., Rudser, K.D., Neaton, J.D., and Alonso, A. (2018). A Pilot Randomized Trial of Oral Magnesium Supplementation on Supraventricular Arrhythmias. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070884"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03390130090035","article-title":"Blood pressure and metabolic effects of calcium supplementation in normotensive white and black men","volume":"257","author":"Lyle","year":"1987","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"48","article-title":"Does baseline serum total calcium level influence the blood pressure response to calcium supplementation? A double-blind study","volume":"41","author":"Lyle","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neth. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2011.635216","article-title":"Effect of potassium supplementation on renal tubular function, ambulatory blood pressure and pulse wave velocity in healthy humans","volume":"72","author":"Matthesen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-103-6-825","article-title":"Blood pressure response to oral calcium in persons with mild to moderate hypertension. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial","volume":"103","author":"McCarron","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annu. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001220","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D on renin-angiotensin system activation and blood pressure: A randomized control trial","volume":"35","author":"McMullan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.111682","article-title":"Insulin secretion and sensitivity in healthy adults with low vitamin D are not affected by high-dose ergocalciferol administration: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"102","author":"Mitchell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2010.01332.x","article-title":"Oral magnesium supplementation reduces insulin resistance in non-diabetic subjects\u2014A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial","volume":"13","author":"Mooren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"123","article-title":"Beneficial effects of vitamin C on risk factors of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"64","author":"Garner","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Public Health Assoc."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(99)00073-8","article-title":"Vitamin E improves arterial compliance in middle-aged men and women","volume":"145","author":"Mottram","year":"1999","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.154005","article-title":"Incremental cholecalciferol supplementation up to 15 \u03bcg\/d throughout winter at 51-55\u00b0 N has no effect on biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in healthy young and older adults","volume":"142","author":"Muldowney","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"589","article-title":"Potassium effects on blood pressure: Is the conjugate anion important?","volume":"4","author":"Mullen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2008.02636.x","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the short-term effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy, middle-aged, centrally obese men","volume":"26","author":"Nagpal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2003861","article-title":"The effect of low-dose potassium supplementation on blood pressure in apparently healthy volunteers","volume":"90","author":"Naismith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"1169","article-title":"The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Phenotypes in Thais with Prediabetes","volume":"98","author":"Nimitphong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thail."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.13.6.630","article-title":"Effect of calcium carbonate on blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive people","volume":"13","author":"Nowson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(05)80002-8","article-title":"Blood pressure and plasma lipids during ascorbic acid supplementation in borderline hypertensive and normotensive adults","volume":"11","author":"Osilesi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"375","article-title":"Role of alpha-tocopherol in cardiopulmonary fitness in endurance athletes, cyclists","volume":"53","author":"Patil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramly, M., Ming, M.F., Chinna, K., Suboh, S., and Pendek, R. (2014). Effect of vitamin D supplementation on cardiometabolic risks and health-related quality of life among urban premenopausal women in a tropical country--a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110476"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP41587","article-title":"Vitamin E and its effect on arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women--a randomized controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"Rasool","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.52.473","article-title":"Dose dependent elevation of plasma tocotrienol levels and its effect on arterial compliance, plasma total antioxidant status, and lipid profile in healthy humans supplemented with tocotrienol rich vitamin E","volume":"52","author":"Rasool","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-001-1291-5","article-title":"Arterial compliance and vitamin E blood levels with a self emulsifying preparation of tocotrienol rich vitamin E","volume":"31","author":"Rasool","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3824","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2205","article-title":"Effects of calcium supplementation on body weight and blood pressure in normal older women: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"90","author":"Reid","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28097","article-title":"Effects of calcium supplementation on lipids, blood pressure, and body composition in healthy older men: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"91","author":"Reid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2014.05.003","article-title":"Oral magnesium supplementation improves the metabolic profile of metabolically obese, normal-weight individuals: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"45","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2017.0426","article-title":"Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on the transcription of TRPM6, TRPM7, and SLC41A1 in individuals newly diagnosed of pre-hypertension. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"30","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.31.1.131","article-title":"Effect on blood pressure of potassium, calcium, and magnesium in women with low habitual intake","volume":"31","author":"Sacks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.63.120","article-title":"Effects of Eggshell Calcium Supplementation on Bone Mass in Postmenopausal Vietnamese Women","volume":"63","author":"Sakai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512000098","article-title":"Vitamin D3 and the risk of CVD in overweight and obese women: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"108","author":"Salehpour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e021783","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.021783","article-title":"Effects of Magnesium Citrate, Magnesium Oxide, and Magnesium Sulfate Supplementation on Arterial Stiffness: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Intervention Trial","volume":"11","author":"Schutten","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03466","article-title":"Long-term high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation and blood pressure in healthy adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"64","author":"Scragg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-1106-8","article-title":"Vitamin D3 supplementation does not modify cardiovascular risk profile of adults with inadequate vitamin D status","volume":"56","author":"Seibert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"194","article-title":"Effects of a calcium supplement on serum lipoproteins, apolipoprotein B, and blood pressure in overweight men","volume":"8","author":"Shidfar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.3923\/jbs.2008.773.778","article-title":"Effect of calcium supplementation on blood pressure in overweight or obese women","volume":"8","author":"Shockravi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2014.04.006","article-title":"Oral magnesium supplementation decreases C-reactive protein levels in subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia: A clinical randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"45","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006802","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006802","article-title":"Effect of Monthly, High-Dose, Long-Term Vitamin D Supplementation on Central Blood Pressure Parameters: A Randomized Controlled Trial Substudy","volume":"6","author":"Sluyter","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0218","article-title":"No effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on glycemic status or cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with prediabetes","volume":"37","author":"Sollid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1987.tb09928.x","article-title":"Dietary calcium intake and blood pressure in normotensive subjects","volume":"222","author":"Thomsen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Medica Scand."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005707","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.005707","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin D on Blood Pressure, Arterial Stiffness, and Cardiac Function in Older People After 1 Year: BEST-D (Biochemical Efficacy and Safety Trial of Vitamin D)","volume":"6","author":"Tomson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2013.03.005","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation on body fat accumulation, inflammation, and metabolic risk factors in obese adults with low vitamin D levels\u2014Results from a randomized trial","volume":"24","author":"Wamberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1999.00063.x","article-title":"Effect of chronic magnesium supplementation on magnesium distribution in healthy volunteers evaluated by 31P-NMRS and ion selective electrodes","volume":"48","author":"Wary","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(94)00053-V","article-title":"The effect of potassium supplementation in persons with a high-normal blood pressure: Results from phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP)","volume":"5","author":"Whelton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.08.005","article-title":"Effect of short-term vitamin D supplementation on markers of vascular health in South Asian women living in the UK--a randomised controlled trial","volume":"230","author":"Witham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-020-1529-7","article-title":"Vitamins B-12 and C Supplementation Improves Arterial Reactivity and Structure in Passive Smokers: Implication in Prevention of Smoking-Related Atherosclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Woo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3557","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2126","article-title":"Vitamin D3 supplementation has no effect on conventional cardiovascular risk factors: A parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT","volume":"97","author":"Wood","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(94)00054-W","article-title":"Lack of blood pressure effect with calcium and magnesium supplementation in adults with high-normal blood pressure: Results from phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP)","volume":"5","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-8-42","article-title":"Tocotrienol Rich Fraction Supplementation Improved Lipid Profile And Oxidative Status in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"8","author":"Chin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9531.162388","article-title":"The Effect of Supplementary Calcium on Blood Pressure in Healthy Adult Women Aged 18-30 Years in Tehran, Iran","volume":"4","author":"Entezari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2017.07.004","article-title":"Comparing Palm Oil Tocotrienol Rich Fraction With A-Tocopherol Supplementation on Oxidative Stress in Healthy Older Adults","volume":"21","author":"Goon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2010.02422.x","article-title":"Magnesium Improves The Beta-Cell Function To Compensate Variation of Insulin Sensitivity: Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"41","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/42.1.12","article-title":"Effects on blood pressure of calcium supplementation of women","volume":"42","author":"Johnson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01506.x","article-title":"Endothelial Function, Insulin Action And Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Young Healthy Adult Offspring of Parents With Type 2 Diabetes: Effect of Vitamin E in A Randomized Double-Blind, Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"22","author":"McSorley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.10.4.437","article-title":"Blood Pressure Response to Potassium Supplementation in Normotensive Adults And Children","volume":"10","author":"Miller","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"517","article-title":"The Effect of Short-Term Vitamin D Supplementation on Lipid Profile and Blood Pressure In Post-Menopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"19","author":"Moghassemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Nurs. Midwifery Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-12-200906160-00005","article-title":"Effects of calcium supplementation on body weight and adiposity in overweight and obese adults: A randomized trial","volume":"150","author":"Yanovski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27004","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation Enhances The Beneficial Effects of Weight Loss on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Markers","volume":"89","author":"Zittermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.15.1882","article-title":"National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Primary prevention of hypertension: Clinical and public health advisory from The National High Blood Pressure Education Program","volume":"288","author":"Whelton","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2016.04.011","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Blood Pressure In Adults: An Updated Meta-Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Golzarand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.0237","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Incorporating Individual Patient Data","volume":"175","author":"Beveridge","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15284","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015284","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D3 on blood pressure in people with vitamin D deficiency: A system review and meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1002038","article-title":"Blood pressure response to calcium supplementation: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"20","author":"Arends","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.01.005","article-title":"Effect of Calcium and Vitamin D Co-supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"42","author":"Morvaridzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosanoff, A., Costello, R.B., and Johnson, G.H. (2021). Effectively Prescribing Oral Magnesium Therapy for Hypertension: A Categorized Systematic Review of 49 Clinical Trials. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010195"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poorolajal, J., Zeraati, F., Soltanian, A.R., Sheikh, V., Hooshmand, E., and Maleki, A. (2017). Oral potassium supplementation for management of essential hypertension: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174967"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"1","article-title":"Health benefits of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) and their Associated Deficiency Diseases: A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Godswill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.054602","article-title":"Harmonization of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association and European Society of Cardiology\/European Society of Hypertension Blood Pressure\/Hypertension Guidelines: Comparisons, Reflections, and Recommendations","volume":"146","author":"Whelton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026","article-title":"2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines","volume":"75","author":"Unger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/19\/4223\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:02:39Z","timestamp":1760130159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/19\/4223"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15194223"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15194223","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]}}}