{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T04:48:07Z","timestamp":1777092487033,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: It is known that preeclampsia affects lactogenesis. However, data on the effects of this pathology on human milk neurobiomarker composition are not available. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of this gestational pathology on activin A levels, a neurobiomarker known to play an important role in the development and protection of the central nervous system. Methods: The women recruited were divided in two different study groups: preeclamptic or normotensive women. All the human milk samples were collected using the same procedure. Activin A was quantified using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. To investigate the effect of preeclampsia on the activin A concentration in the three lactation phases, a mixed linear model with a unistructural covariance structure, with the mother as the random effect, and fixed effects were performed. Results: Activin A was detected in all samples. There were no significant differences between preeclamptic and normotensive women. The only significant effect is related to the lactation phase: the difference between colostrum and mature milk (p &lt; 0.01) was significant. In conclusion, these results allow us to affirm that breast milk\u2019s beneficial properties are maintained even if preeclampsia occurs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T05:07:13Z","timestamp":1696828033000},"page":"4296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Preeclampsia and Its Impact on Human Milk Activin A Concentration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Coscia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6377-6991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Riboldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Spada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Bertino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1015-9862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Sottemano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7761-0662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignazio","family":"Barbagallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8678-2183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Livolti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Galvano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Gazzolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi G. d\u2019Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0075-5353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Peila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e237","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003891","article-title":"Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 222","volume":"135","author":"Espinoza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet. 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