{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:56:17Z","timestamp":1790880977022,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of central precocious puberty (CPP) in girls has increased worldwide and is often associated with obesity in childhood as well as high fat\/high glycemic index diets. Evidence suggests that subjects with obesity present with alterations in appetite-regulating hormones. The arcuate and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus are the centers of action of appetite hormones, as well as the location of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, the activation of which results in the onset of puberty. This anatomical proximity raises the question of possible alterations in appetite-regulating hormones in patients with CPP. Furthermore, diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation constitutes a probable mechanism of the pathophysiology of CPP, as well as alterations in appetite-regulating hormones in young children. In this article, we summarize the evidence investigating whether girls with CPP present with alterations in appetite-regulating hormones. We present evidence that leptin concentrations are elevated in girls with CPP, ghrelin concentrations are lower in girls with CPP, nesfatin-1 and orexin-A concentrations are elevated among girls with premature thelarche, and insulin concentrations are increased in girls with early menarche.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T12:51:04Z","timestamp":1696855864000},"page":"4306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Alterations in Appetite-Regulating Hormones in Girls with Central Early or Precocious Puberty"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Galateia","family":"Stathori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Prevention and Management of Overweight and Obesity, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u2018Aghia Sophia\u2019 Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1207-9927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia-Maria","family":"Tzounakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Prevention and Management of Overweight and Obesity, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u2018Aghia Sophia\u2019 Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1929-3275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Mastorakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u2018Aretaieion\u2019 University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8479-6517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos F.","family":"Vlahos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u2018Aretaieion\u2019 University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0851-6998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelia","family":"Charmandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Prevention and Management of Overweight and Obesity, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u2018Aghia Sophia\u2019 Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Valsamakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u2018Aretaieion\u2019 University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00380-0","article-title":"Causes, diagnosis, and treatment of central precocious puberty","volume":"4","author":"Latronico","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2019.05.011","article-title":"Update on Precocious Puberty in Girls","volume":"32","author":"Eugster","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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