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An essential feature of COPD is pulmonary inflammation, which results from long-term exposure to noxious substances from cigarette smoking and other environmental pollutants. Pulmonary inflammatory mediators spill over to the blood, leading to systemic inflammation, which is believed to play a significant role in the onset of a host of comorbidities associated with COPD. A substantial comorbidity of concern in COPD patients that is often overlooked in COPD management is cognitive impairment. The exact pathophysiology of cognitive impairment in COPD patients remains a mystery; however, hypoxia, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and cerebral manifestations of these conditions are believed to play crucial roles. Furthermore, the use of medications to treat cognitive impairment symptomatology in COPD patients has been reported to be associated with life-threatening adverse effects, hence the need for alternative medications with reduced side effects. In this Review, we aim to discuss the impact of cognitive impairment in COPD management and the potential mechanisms associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment in COPD patients. The promising roles of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (\u03c9-3 PUFAs) in improving cognitive deficits in COPD patients are also discussed. Interestingly, \u03c9-3 PUFAs can potentially enhance the cognitive impairment symptomatology associated with COPD because they can modulate inflammatory processes, activate the antioxidant defence system, and promote amyloid-beta clearance from the brain. Thus, clinical studies are crucial to assess the efficacy of \u03c9-3 PUFAs in managing cognitive impairment in COPD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15204363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T10:04:39Z","timestamp":1697191479000},"page":"4363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Roles of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Managing Cognitive Impairment in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0129-7980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halliru","family":"Zailani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810106, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0513-4943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senthil Kumaran","family":"Satyanarayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Chih","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ting","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2914-5513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Yi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Nutrition Research Centre, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2447-5636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Ga\u0142ecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 91-229 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4501-2502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuan-Pin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan"},{"name":"An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan 717, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5582-0928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane Pei-Chen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00470-6","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"399","author":"Christenson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020415","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.05.020415","article-title":"Global and regional estimates of COPD prevalence: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Adeloye","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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