{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:08:50Z","timestamp":1791475730311,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COVID-2020-12371617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID-2020-12371617"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-5825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-5825"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-4497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-4497"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002803","name":"Fondazione Cariplo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COVID-2020-12371617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID-2020-12371617"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002803","name":"Fondazione Cariplo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-5825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-5825"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002803","name":"Fondazione Cariplo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-4497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-4497"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is correlated with a variety of long-term sequelae that affect different aspects of health, including physical function. This study investigated the longitudinal changes in handgrip strength (HGS) over six months post-hospital discharge in COVID-19 patients and explores the associations between HGS, health-related quality of life, dyspnoea, exercise capacity, and body mass index (BMI). Methods: Adult COVID-19 patients were followed up at one, three, and six months after hospital discharge. HGS, BMI, exercise capacity, and health-related quality of life were assessed. Data from patients with HGS measurements at all three time points were analysed. Results: Low HGS was prevalent one month post-discharge (35%). Participants with low HGS exhibited more severe disease (30.5% vs. 5.9% were admitted to the intensive care unit, p &lt; 0.01), longer hospital stays (median [IQR] 21 [10.0; 40.5] vs. 12.0 [8.0; 20.0] days, p &lt; 0.01), greater weight loss (\u22125.7 [\u22129.1; \u22120.6] vs. \u22123.2 [\u22125.7; \u22120.0] kg, p = 0.004), and reduced exercise capacity (6 min walking test [6 MWT], 95.7 [84.0; 102.0] vs. 100.0 [92.9; 105.0]% predicted, p = 0.007). Those with persistently low HGS (40% of the initial low HGS group) had worse exercise capacity (6-MWT 93.3 [78.3; 101.0] vs. 101.0 [95.0; 107.0]% predicted, p &lt; 0.001), more dyspnoea (29.0% vs. 2.0% of participants, p &lt; 0.001), poorer quality of life (visual analogue scale score, 75 [50; 75] vs. 85 [75; 95], p &lt; 0.001), and higher rates of problems in various health dimensions. HGS at 1 month was the only significant predictor of HGS improvement from 1 month to 6 months (odds ratio [95% CI] 1.11 [1.03; 1.20], p = 0.008). Conclusions: This study highlights the prevalence of reduced physical function among COVID-19 survivors and emphasises the importance of early identification and intervention to optimise their long-term health. Monitoring HGS, a simple and reliable tool, can provide valuable insights into patients\u2019 overall physical function, aiding in tailored care and improved outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15204474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T07:02:53Z","timestamp":1697958173000},"page":"4474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Longitudinal Changes in Physical Function and Their Impact on Health Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rebecca","family":"De Lorenzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Di Filippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Scelfo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"Merolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Giustina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7066-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20099 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Rovere-Querini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Innate Immunity and Tissue Remodeling Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03553-9","article-title":"High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19","volume":"594","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z","article-title":"Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Nalbandian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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