{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:46:05Z","timestamp":1791463565523,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperuricemia is influenced by diet and can cause gout. Whether it is a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains controversial, and the mechanism is unclear. Similar to CVDs, gout attacks occur more frequently in the morning and at night. A possible reason for this is the diurnal variation in uric acid (UA), However, scientific data regarding this variation in patients with CVD are not available. Thus, we aimed to investigate diurnal variations in serum levels of UA and plasma levels of xanthine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activity, which were measured at 18:00, 6:00, and 12:00 in male patients with coronary artery disease. Thirty eligible patients participated in the study. UA and xanthine levels significantly increased from 18:00 to 6:00 but significantly decreased from 6:00 to 12:00. By contrast, XOR activity significantly increased both from 18:00 to 6:00 and 6:00 to 12:00. Furthermore, the rates of increase in UA and xanthine levels from night to morning were significantly and positively correlated. In conclusion, UA and xanthine showed similar diurnal variations, whereas XOR activity showed different diurnal variations. The morning UA surge could be due to UA production. The mechanism involved XOR activity, but other factors were also considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15204480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T05:54:35Z","timestamp":1698040475000},"page":"4480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Diurnal Variations in Serum Uric Acid, Xanthine, and Xanthine Oxidoreductase Activity in Male Patients with Coronary Artery Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Megumi","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"},{"name":"Keiyu Orthopedic Spine and Joint Hospital, Tokyo 120-0015, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Naito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Respiratory Sleep Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayaki","family":"Ishiwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoichiro","family":"Yatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Shitara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azusa","family":"Murata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2596-7720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takao","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoko","family":"Suda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaru","family":"Hiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6601-4347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masanari","family":"Kuwabara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit and Department of Cardiology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo 105-8470, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayo","family":"Murase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Inabe 511-0406, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2324-3569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Inabe 511-0406, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5747-7668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takatoshi","family":"Kasai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Respiratory Sleep Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"},{"name":"Sleep and Sleep Disordered Breathing Center, Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e18","article-title":"Life\u2019s Essential 8: Updating and Enhancing the American Heart Association\u2019s Construct of Cardiovascular Health: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart 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