{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T14:08:13Z","timestamp":1782914893921,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["PSI 2015-68793-C3-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSI 2015-68793-C3-1-R"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["project GR 3\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project GR 3\/14"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["FEI 16\/127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEI 16\/127"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["CT63\/19-CT64\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CT63\/19-CT64\/19"]}]},{"name":"Complutense University of Madrid (UCM)","award":["PSI 2015-68793-C3-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSI 2015-68793-C3-1-R"]}]},{"name":"Complutense University of Madrid (UCM)","award":["project GR 3\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project GR 3\/14"]}]},{"name":"Complutense University of Madrid (UCM)","award":["FEI 16\/127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEI 16\/127"]}]},{"name":"Complutense University of Madrid (UCM)","award":["CT63\/19-CT64\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CT63\/19-CT64\/19"]}]},{"name":"Complutense University Research Group VALORNUT-920030","award":["PSI 2015-68793-C3-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSI 2015-68793-C3-1-R"]}]},{"name":"Complutense University Research Group VALORNUT-920030","award":["project GR 3\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project GR 3\/14"]}]},{"name":"Complutense University Research Group VALORNUT-920030","award":["FEI 16\/127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEI 16\/127"]}]},{"name":"Complutense University Research Group VALORNUT-920030","award":["CT63\/19-CT64\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CT63\/19-CT64\/19"]}]},{"name":"predoctoral contract financed by the Complutense University of Madrid and Banco Santander","award":["PSI 2015-68793-C3-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSI 2015-68793-C3-1-R"]}]},{"name":"predoctoral contract financed by the Complutense University of Madrid and Banco Santander","award":["project GR 3\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project GR 3\/14"]}]},{"name":"predoctoral contract financed by the Complutense University of Madrid and Banco Santander","award":["FEI 16\/127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEI 16\/127"]}]},{"name":"predoctoral contract financed by the Complutense University of Madrid and Banco Santander","award":["CT63\/19-CT64\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CT63\/19-CT64\/19"]}]},{"name":"postdoctoral Ministerio de Universidades-Complutense University of Madrid Margarita Salas fellowship, founded by European Union-Next Generation","award":["PSI 2015-68793-C3-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSI 2015-68793-C3-1-R"]}]},{"name":"postdoctoral Ministerio de Universidades-Complutense University of Madrid Margarita Salas fellowship, founded by European Union-Next Generation","award":["project GR 3\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project GR 3\/14"]}]},{"name":"postdoctoral Ministerio de Universidades-Complutense University of Madrid Margarita Salas fellowship, founded by European Union-Next Generation","award":["FEI 16\/127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEI 16\/127"]}]},{"name":"postdoctoral Ministerio de Universidades-Complutense University of Madrid Margarita Salas fellowship, founded by European Union-Next Generation","award":["CT63\/19-CT64\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CT63\/19-CT64\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Mineral intake may protect against cognitive impairment (CI) and all-cause dementia, which affects a large number of adults worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between mineral intake and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), which is a sensitive and specific test. Methods: In total, 201 adults were included in a cross-sectional study. They completed a three-day dietary record to estimate their average daily intake of minerals. Contributions to dietary reference intakes (DRIs) were also calculated. The participants were divided into tertiles according to their mineral intake. CI classifications were determined via the MoCA (score &lt; 26). Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping was carried out, and the patients\u2019 anthropometric measurements and physical activity, health and personal data were collected. Results: The prevalence of CI in this selective sample was 54.2% (34.3% females and 19.9% males). In women, being in the third tertiles of iron and manganese intake was associated with lower odds of having CI (OR [95% CI]: 0.32 [0.11 \u00b1 0.93]; 0.33 [0.12 \u00b1 0.93], p &lt; 0.05). No significant differences were observed for any of the nutrients studied in men. Conclusions: These findings suggest that a low mineral intake, especially low iron and manganese intake in women, is associated with a worse cognition as assessed by MoCA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T11:34:47Z","timestamp":1698147287000},"page":"4505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Association between Mineral Intake and Cognition Evaluated by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Lorenzo-Mora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4133-1450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Sobaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"VALORNUT Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"San Carlos Health Research Institute (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6826-0181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura M.","family":"Bermejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"VALORNUT Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"San Carlos Health Research Institute (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7741-5488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana G.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"VALORNUT Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4169-9925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Cuadrado-Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"VALORNUT Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2023-0298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1frica","family":"Peral-Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6110-7456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"Salas-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"VALORNUT Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8808-4613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"Delgado-Losada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORNUT Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"San Carlos Health Research Institute (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2781-3004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inmaculada C.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, 28871 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2383-1563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Barabash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3195-0071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Maest\u00fa-Unturbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Carlos Health Research Institute (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8500-9802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ar\u00e1nzazu","family":"Aparicio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"VALORNUT Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"San Carlos Health Research Institute (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0244-7","article-title":"Aging as a Risk Factor for Neurodegenerative Disease","volume":"15","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-3681-2_6","article-title":"Aging and Osteoarthritis","volume":"91","author":"Sasitharan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Subcell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270538","article-title":"Ageing, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"594","author":"Costantino","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2020, May 20). OMS|Demencia: Una Prioridad de Salud P\u00fablica. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/mental_health\/publications\/dementia_report_2012\/es\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.01.022","article-title":"Dementia","volume":"131","author":"Gale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2022, June 28). Deterioro Cognitivo Leve (DCL). Available online: https:\/\/www.alz.org\/demencia-alzheimer\/que-es-demencia\/condiciones_relacionados\/deterioro-cognitivo-leve?lang=en-US."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2017.02.005","article-title":"Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"33","author":"Sanford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852918001347","article-title":"State of the Science on Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)","volume":"24","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2018.06.003","article-title":"An Overview of Cognitive Impairment","volume":"34","author":"Morley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.01.123","article-title":"Natural and Synthetic Drugs Used for the Treatment of Dementia","volume":"524","author":"Dembitsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170963","article-title":"Different Cognitive Frailty Models and Health-and Cognitive-Related Outcomes in Older Age: From Epidemiology to Prevention","volume":"62","author":"Panza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12626","article-title":"Prevalence of Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Indigenous Bolivian Forager-Horticulturalists","volume":"19","author":"Gatz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.09.005","article-title":"Sex Differences in the Prevalence and Incidence of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"35","author":"Au","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1586\/14737159.2015.1002469","article-title":"Genetic Diagnosis and Prognosis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"15","author":"Reitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190263","article-title":"Association of Zinc, Iron, Copper, and Selenium Intakes with Low Cognitive Performance in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dominguez, L.J., Veronese, N., Vernuccio, L., Catanese, G., Inzerillo, F., Salemi, G., and Barbagallo, M. (2021). Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Other Lifestyle Factors in the Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Dementia. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114080"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Dominguez, L.J., and Barbagallo, M. (2018). Nutritional Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Dementia. Acta Bio. Medica Atenei Parm., 89."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000434","article-title":"Dietary Patterns and Cognition in Older Persons","volume":"21","author":"Abbatecola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30338-7","article-title":"Nutrition and Prevention of Cognitive Impairment","volume":"17","author":"Scarmeas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2019.08.005","article-title":"Mediterranean Diet: The Role of Long-Chain \u03c9-3 Fatty Acids in Fish; Polyphenols in Fruits, Vegetables, Cereals, Coffee, Tea, Cacao and Wine; Probiotics and Vitamins in Prevention of Stroke, Age-Related Cognitive Decline, and Alzheimer Disease","volume":"175","author":"Jackson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-017-0909-0","article-title":"Association of Long-Term Adherence to the Mind Diet with Cognitive Function and Cognitive Decline in American Women","volume":"22","author":"Berendsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuab057","article-title":"B Vitamins and Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Incident Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200534","article-title":"Vitamin B12, B6, or Folate and Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.09.026","article-title":"Dietary Intake of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Age-Related Cognitive Decline: A 8.5-Year Follow-up of the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging","volume":"27","author":"Solfrizzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"939","article-title":"Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review","volume":"36","author":"Fortique","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12843","article-title":"Low Intakes of Carotene, Vitamin B2, Pantothenate and Calcium Predict Cognitive Decline among Elderly Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: The Japanese Elderly Diabetes Intervention Trial","volume":"17","author":"Araki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"367","article-title":"Tracing Trace Elements in Mental Functions","volume":"72","author":"Janka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardoso, B.R., Szymlek-Gay, E.A., Roberts, B.R., Formica, M., Gianoudis, J., O\u2019connell, S., Nowson, C.A., and Daly, R.M. (2018). Selenium Status Is Not Associated with Cognitive Performance: A Cross-Sectional Study in 154 Older Australian Adults. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121847"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e030052","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030052","article-title":"Relations of Magnesium Intake to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia among Participants in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Memory Study: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"9","author":"Lo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"e12250","article-title":"Association between Magnesium Intake and Cognition in US Older Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011 to 2014","volume":"8","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. Transl."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac040","article-title":"The Associations of Dietary Copper With Cognitive Outcomes","volume":"191","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2023, June 25). Deficiencia y Sobrecarga de Hierro: Implicaciones en el Estado Oxidativo y la Salud Cardiovascular. Available online: https:\/\/scielo.isciii.es\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0212-16112010000300003."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"79","article-title":"Antioxidantes Presentes En Los Alimentos. Vitaminas, Minerales y Suplementos","volume":"26","author":"Vilaplana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Offarm"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-014-0489-1","article-title":"Cognitive Impairment, Genomic Instability and Trace Elements","volume":"19","author":"Meramat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.04.051","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease as Copper Deficiency","volume":"70","author":"Klevay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515000720","article-title":"Diet and Cognitive Decline at Middle Age: The Role of Antioxidants","volume":"113","author":"Nooyens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A Brief Screening Tool for Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807.e17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.05.016","article-title":"Recall Tests Are Effective to Detect Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 108 Diagnostic Studies","volume":"18","author":"Tsoi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00681-8","article-title":"Age and APOE Genotype Affect the Relationship between Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Power in the Alpha Band, a Marker of Brain Disease","volume":"12","author":"Cuesta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.06.026","article-title":"Physical Activity Effects on the Individual Alpha Peak Frequency of Older Adults with and without Genetic Risk Factors for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A MEG Study","volume":"129","author":"Zuluaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410070516","article-title":"Pathological Verification of Ischemic Score in Differentiation of Dementias","volume":"7","author":"Rosen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(82)90033-4","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Geriatric Depression Screening Scale: A Preliminary Report","volume":"17","author":"Yesavage","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Ortega, R.M., and Requejo, A.M. (2015). Nutrigu\u00eda. Manual de Nutrici\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica, Editorial Panamericana."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Ortega, R.M., L\u00f3pez-Sobaler, A.M., Andr\u00e9s, P., Requejo, A.M., Aparicio, A., and Molinero, L.M. (2013). Programa DIAL Para Valoraci\u00f3n de Dietas y C\u00e1lculos de Alimentaci\u00f3n (Para Windows, Versi\u00f3n 3.0.0.5), Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n (UCM) y Alceingenier\u00eda, S.A."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Ortega, R.M., L\u00f3pez-Sobaler, A.M., Andr\u00e9s, P., and Aparicio, A. (2021). Herramienta Para El Dise\u00f1o y Valoraci\u00f3n de Alimentos y Dietas, Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de Los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Available online: https:\/\/www.ucm.es\/idinutricion\/file\/tca-2021?ver."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.4.1220S","article-title":"Adjustment for Total Energy Intake in Epidemiologic Studies","volume":"65","author":"Willett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (2001). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (1998). Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and Its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline, The National Academy Press."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (2000). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Marfell-Jones, M.J., Stewart, A.D., and de Ridder, J.H. (2012). International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment, International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"20","article-title":"Evaluation of Nutritional Status","volume":"35","author":"Durnin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bibl. Nutr. Dieta"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"587","article-title":"Obesidad; Sobrepeso; Epidemiolog\u00eda; Tratamiento; Prevenci\u00f3n; Documento de Consenso","volume":"115","author":"Barbany","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"WHO (1995). Physical Status: The Use of and Interpretation of Anthropometry, Report of a WHO Expert Committee; WHO."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12412","article-title":"Feasibility and Validity of the ActiGraph GT3X Accelerometer in Measuring Physical Activity of Malawian Toddlers","volume":"102","author":"Pulakka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093514","article-title":"Duration and Breaks in Sedentary Behaviour: Accelerometer Data from 1566 Community-Dwelling Older Men (British Regional Heart Study)","volume":"49","author":"Jefferis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishii, K., Shibata, A., Adachi, M., Nonoue, K., and Oka, K. (2015). Gender and Grade Differences in Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Patterns among Japanese Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2607-3"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-023-01170-4","article-title":"How Does Apolipoprotein E Genotype Influence the Relationship between Physical Activity and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Risk? A Novel Integrative Model","volume":"15","author":"Sewell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour","volume":"54","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-Mental State\u201d: A Practical Method for Grading the Cognitive State of Patients for the Clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"4","article-title":"Validaci\u00f3n Del Montreal Cognitive Assessment ( MoCA): Test de Cribado Para El Deterioro Cognitivo Leve. Datos Preliminares","volume":"43","author":"Gallego","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alzheimer. Real Investig. Demenc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.04.025","article-title":"Copper and Cognition","volume":"121","author":"Klevay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2023.05.001","article-title":"Association Between Dietary Copper Intake and Cognitive Decline: A Perspective Cohort Study in Chinese Elderly","volume":"31","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, D., Huang, Y., Wang, B., Chen, H., Pan, W., Yang, M., Xia, Z., Zhang, R., and Yuan, C. (2023). Dietary Intake Levels of Iron, Copper, Zinc, and Manganese in Relation to Cognitive Function: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030704"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.8.1085","article-title":"Dietary Copper and High Saturated and Trans Fat Intakes Associated with Cognitive Decline","volume":"63","author":"Morris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451100376X","article-title":"Copper and Iron in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Its Dietary Implications","volume":"107","author":"Loef","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00004","article-title":"Dietary Mineral Intake and Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment: The PATH through Life Project","volume":"6","author":"Cherbuin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508201959","article-title":"Long-Term Association of Food and Nutrient Intakes with Cognitive and Functional Decline: A 13-Year Follow-up Study of Elderly French Women","volume":"102","author":"Vercambre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-019-01276-1","article-title":"Iron Deficiency, Cognitive Functions, and Neurobehavioral Disorders in Children","volume":"68","author":"Pivina","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"496","article-title":"Anaemia in the Elderly","volume":"149","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nux015","article-title":"Impact of High Iron Intake on Cognition and Neurodegeneration in Humans and in Animal Models: A Systematic Review","volume":"75","author":"Agrawal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11065","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1832769100","article-title":"Trace Amounts of Copper in Water Induce \u03b2-Amyloid Plaques and Learning Deficits in a Rabbit Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"100","author":"Sparks","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"253","article-title":"Manganese: Its Role in Disease and Health","volume":"19","author":"Erikson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Met. Ions Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3945\/an.117.015305","article-title":"Manganese","volume":"8","author":"Aschner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.2741\/4665","article-title":"Manganese Metabolism in Humans","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soares, A.T.G., Silva, A.d.C., Tinkov, A.A., Khan, H., Santamar\u00eda, A., Skalnaya, M.G., Skalny, A.V., Tsatsakis, A., Bowman, A.B., and Aschner, M. (2020). The Impact of Manganese on Neurotransmitter Systems. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 61.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126554"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2007.10.011","article-title":"Dietary Intake Adequacy and Cognitive Function in Free-Living Active Elderly: A Cross-Sectional and Short-Term Prospective Study","volume":"27","author":"Velho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2005.07.003","article-title":"Nutritional Aspects of Manganese Homeostasis","volume":"26","author":"Aschner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(76)90218-X","article-title":"Manganese Metabolism in Cows and Goats","volume":"444","author":"Gibbons","year":"1976","journal-title":"BBA-Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl028","article-title":"Brain Accumulation and Toxicity of Mn(II) and Mn(III) Exposures","volume":"93","author":"Reaney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maier, J.A.M., Locatelli, L., Fedele, G., Cazzaniga, A., and Mazur, A. (2023). Magnesium and the Brain: A Focus on Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010223"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.04061.x","article-title":"Self-Reported Dietary Intake of Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium and Risk of Dementia in the Japanese: The Hisayama Study","volume":"60","author":"Ozawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1141391","article-title":"Are Cognitive Functions in Post-Menopausal Women Related with the Contents of Macro- and Micro-Components in the Diet?","volume":"22","author":"Bojar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61452-9","article-title":"Selenium and Human Health","volume":"379","author":"Rayman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-020-01735-0","article-title":"Selenium and Zinc: \u201cAntioxidants\u201d for Healthy Aging?","volume":"53","author":"Steinbrenner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Z. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2015.09.003","article-title":"Importance of Selenium and Selenoprotein for Brain Function: From Antioxidant Protection to Neuronal Signalling","volume":"153","author":"Solovyev","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.11.001","article-title":"Threshold Effects and Interactive Effects of Total Zinc and Selenium Intake on Cognitive Function in Older Adults","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-014-0534-0","article-title":"Nutrient Patterns and Brain Biomarkers of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in Cognitively Normal Individuals","volume":"19","author":"Berti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"2546","article-title":"Iron, Zinc and Copper from Cereal Food Sources and Cognitive Performance in Older Adults in China","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8073293","article-title":"Rapid Induction of Alzheimer A Beta Amyloid Formation by Zinc","volume":"265","author":"Bush","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610218001370","article-title":"Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Screening Superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in the Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (AD) in the Elderly?","volume":"31","author":"Pinto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1159\/000338905","article-title":"Differences in Cognitive Profile between TIA, Stroke and Elderly Memory Research Subjects: A Comparison of the MMSE and MoCA","volume":"34","author":"Pendlebury","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"38","article-title":"M\u00e9todos de Evaluaci\u00f3n de La Ingesta Actual: Registro o Diario Diet\u00e9tico","volume":"31","author":"Ortega","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Food and Agricultural Organization (2018). Dietary Assessment: A Resource Guide to Method Selection and Application in Low Resource Settings, Food and Agricultural Organization."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acw076","article-title":"Normative Data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Middle-Aged and Elderly Quebec-French People","volume":"31","author":"Larouche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170203","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment: Normative Data from a Large Swedish Population-Based Cohort","volume":"59","author":"Borland","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180080","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment: Normative Data from a German-Speaking Cohort and Comparison with International Normative Samples","volume":"64","author":"Thomann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200488","article-title":"Probiotic Bifidobacterium Breve in Improving Cognitive Functions of Older Adults with Suspected Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"77","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1159\/000510563","article-title":"Tempeh Consumption and Cognitive Improvement in Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"49","author":"Handajani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.3162","article-title":"Prevalence of Depression in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"74","author":"Ismail","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.3835","article-title":"Cognitive Differences among Depressed and Non-Depressed MCI Participants: A Project FRONTIER Study","volume":"28","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2022.109227","article-title":"Associations between Depression and Cognition, Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Persons with Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"185","author":"Chow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/21\/4505\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:11:02Z","timestamp":1760130662000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/21\/4505"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15214505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15214505","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]}}}