{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:27:24Z","timestamp":1786649244288,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Arkansas Bioscience Institute","award":["R15AR069913\/AR\/NIAMS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15AR069913\/AR\/NIAMS"]}]},{"name":"Arkansas Bioscience Institute","award":["R01AR075794-01A1\/AR\/NIAMS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR075794-01A1\/AR\/NIAMS"]}]},{"name":"Arkansas Bioscience Institute","award":["P20GM125503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM125503"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15AR069913\/AR\/NIAMS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15AR069913\/AR\/NIAMS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR075794-01A1\/AR\/NIAMS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR075794-01A1\/AR\/NIAMS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM125503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM125503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15AR069913\/AR\/NIAMS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15AR069913\/AR\/NIAMS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR075794-01A1\/AR\/NIAMS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR075794-01A1\/AR\/NIAMS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM125503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM125503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer cachexia (CC) is a multifactorial wasting syndrome characterized by a significant loss in lean and\/or fat mass and represents a leading cause of mortality in cancer patients. Nutraceutical treatments have been proposed as a potential treatment strategy to mitigate cachexia-induced muscle wasting. However, contradictory findings warrant further investigation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of leucine supplementation on skeletal muscle in male and female ApcMin\/+ mice (APC). APC mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates were given normal drinking water or 1.5% leucine-supplemented water (n = 4\u201310\/group\/sex). We measured the gene expression of regulators of inflammation, protein balance, and myogenesis. Leucine treatment lowered survival rates, body mass, and muscle mass in males, while in females, it had no effect on body or muscle mass. Leucine treatment altered inflammatory gene expression by lowering Il1b 87% in the APC group and decreasing Tnfa 92% in both WT and APC males, while it had no effect in females (p &lt; 0.05). Leucine had no effect on regulators of protein balance and myogenesis in either sex. We demonstrated that leucine exacerbates moribundity in males and is not sufficient for mitigating muscle or fat loss during CC in either sex in the ApcMin\/+ mouse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T09:56:36Z","timestamp":1698400596000},"page":"4570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Leucine Supplementation Exacerbates Morbidity in Male but Not Female Mice with Colorectal Cancer-Induced Cachexia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Eleanor R.","family":"Schrems","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, 155 Stadium Dr. HPER 309, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley S.","family":"Haynie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, 155 Stadium Dr. HPER 309, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Richard A.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, 155 Stadium Dr. HPER 309, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5019-2125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francielly","family":"Morena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9811-3585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Regina","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan E.","family":"Rosa-Caldwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas P.","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1919-5907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyrone A.","family":"Washington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, 155 Stadium Dr. HPER 309, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, September 17). Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/cancer."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2023, September 17). Cancer Statistics, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/understanding\/statistics."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182872","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/182872","article-title":"Nonmuscle Tissues Contribution to Cancer Cachexia","volume":"2015","author":"Stemmler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12167","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical impact of cachexia in chronic illness in Europe, USA, and Japan: Facts and numbers update 2016","volume":"7","author":"Haehling","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.2016.016832","article-title":"Cancer Cachexia: Beyond Weight Loss","volume":"12","author":"Bruggeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"e26798","article-title":"What Role Do Inflammatory Cytokines Play in Cancer Cachexia?","volume":"14","author":"Malla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597675","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.597675","article-title":"Inflammation and Skeletal Muscle Wasting During Cachexia","volume":"11","author":"Webster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000106","article-title":"The energy balance in cancer cachexia revisited","volume":"17","author":"Fearon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12354","article-title":"Protein imbalance in the development of skeletal muscle wasting in tumour-bearing mice","volume":"9","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1128(199905)19:3<223::AID-MED3>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"The role of cytokines in cancer cachexia","volume":"19","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2012.209","article-title":"Understanding the mechanisms and treatment options in cancer cachexia","volume":"10","author":"Fearon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000242","article-title":"Does nutrition support have a role in managing cancer cachexia?","volume":"10","author":"Laviano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Support. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.12968\/ijpn.2013.19.1.32","article-title":"Providing nutritional support for patients with cancer cachexia","volume":"19","author":"McCreery","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Palliat. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601329","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.601329","article-title":"Nutritional Interventions in Cancer Cachexia: Evidence and Perspectives From Experimental Models","volume":"7","author":"Schols","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaudry, A.G., and Law, M.L. (2022). Leucine Supplementation in Cancer Cachexia: Mechanisms and a Review of the Pre-Clinical Literature. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142824"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e389942","DOI":"10.1200\/EDBK_389942","article-title":"Current Therapeutic Targets in Cancer Cachexia: A Pathophysiologic Approach","volume":"43","author":"Kadakia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. Educ. Book"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viana, L.R., Chiocchetti, G.M.E., Oroy, L., Vieira, W.F., Busanello, E.N.B., Marques, A.C., Salgado, C.M., de Oliveira, A.L.R., Vieira, A.S., and Suarez, P.S. (2021). Leucine-Rich Diet Improved Muscle Function in Cachectic Walker 256 Tumour-Bearing Wistar Rats. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-550186\/v1"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.04.019","article-title":"L-leucine dietary supplementation modulates muscle protein degradation and increases pro-inflammatory cytokines in tumour-bearing rats","volume":"96","author":"Cruz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz, B., Oliveira, A., Ventrucci, G., and Gomes-Marcondes, M.C.C. (2019). A leucine-rich diet modulates the mTOR cell signalling pathway in the gastrocnemius muscle under different Walker-256 tumour growth conditions. BMC Cancer, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5448-0"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2018-0765","article-title":"Effects of low-dose leucine supplementation on gastrocnemius muscle mitochondrial content and protein turnover in tumor-bearing mice","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-3002-2-6","article-title":"Leucine supplementation differentially enhances pancreatic cancer growth in lean and overweight mice","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Metab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3945812","article-title":"L-isoleucine and L-leucine: Tumor promoters of bladder cancer in rats","volume":"231","author":"Nishio","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.07.063","article-title":"Long-term treatment with L-isoleucine or L-leucine in AIN-93G diet has promoting effects on rat bladder carcinogenesis","volume":"50","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607909","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.607909","article-title":"Sexual Dimorphism in Colon Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Abancens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000380","article-title":"Understanding sex differences in the regulation of cancer-induced muscle wasting","volume":"12","author":"Montalvo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Support. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosa-Caldwell, M.E., and Greene, N.P. (2019). Muscle metabolism and atrophy: Let\u2019s talk about sex. Biol. Sex. Differ., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-019-0257-3"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00720","article-title":"The Effect of Estradiol Administration on Muscle Mass Loss and Cachexia Progression in Female","volume":"10","author":"Counts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00660.2021","article-title":"Development of metabolic and contractile alterations in development of cancer cachexia in female tumor-bearing mice","volume":"132","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-020-00628-w","article-title":"Sex Differences in Cancer Cachexia","volume":"18","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morena da Silva, F., Lim, S., Cabrera, A.R., Schrems, E.R., Jones, R.G., Rosa-Caldwell, M.E., Washington, T.A., Murach, K.A., and Greene, N.P. (2023). The time-course of cancer cachexia onset reveals biphasic transcriptional disruptions in female skeletal muscle distinct from males. BMC Genom., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-023-09462-7"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00196.2023","article-title":"Females Display Relatively Preserved Muscle Quality Compared to Males During the Onset and Early Stages of C26-induced Cancer-Cachexia","volume":"135","author":"Cabrera","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2022-0086","article-title":"PGC-1\u03b1 overexpression is not sufficient to mitigate cancer cachexia in either male or female mice","volume":"47","author":"Schrems","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2016.08.013","article-title":"The Akt\/mTOR pathway: Data comparing young and aged mice with leucine supplementation at the onset of skeletal muscle regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Perry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Data Brief."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2016.05.007","article-title":"Differential effects of leucine supplementation in young and aged mice at the onset of skeletal muscle regeneration","volume":"157","author":"Perry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1234","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00198.2012","article-title":"Leucine supplementation increases SIRT1 expression and prevents mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic disorders in high-fat diet-induced obese mice","volume":"303","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00897.2017","article-title":"Skeletal muscle function during the progression of cancer cachexia in the male Apc","volume":"124","author":"VanderVeen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seemann, S., Zohles, F., and Lupp, A. (2017). Comprehensive comparison of three different animal models for systemic inflammation. J. Biomed. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-017-0370-8"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20578","article-title":"Leucine supplementation modulates fuel substrates utilization and glucose metabolism in previously obese mice","volume":"22","author":"Binder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28608C","article-title":"Body composition in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: A contemporary view of cancer cachexia with the use of computed tomography image analysis","volume":"91","author":"Baracos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15889","article-title":"Evaluation of the impact of cachexia on clinical outcomes in aggressive lymphoma","volume":"186","author":"Burkart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2014.12.015","article-title":"Sex differences in the relationship of IL-6 signaling to cancer cachexia progression","volume":"1852","author":"Hetzler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63679","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11626","article-title":"Leucine deprivation inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human breast cancer cells via fatty acid synthase","volume":"7","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R393","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00716.2007","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and cachexia in ApcMin\/+ mice","volume":"294","author":"Baltgalvis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1042","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00410.2012","article-title":"Muscle mTORC1 suppression by IL-6 during cancer cachexia: A role for AMPK","volume":"304","author":"White","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00778.2005","article-title":"Myofiber degeneration\/regeneration is induced in the cachectic ApcMin\/+ mouse","volume":"99","author":"Mehl","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-021-01429-8","article-title":"The Emerging Role of Interleukin 1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) in Cancer Cachexia","volume":"44","author":"Laird","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, D., Zheng, H., Zhou, Y., Tang, X., Yu, B., and Li, J. (2007). Association of IL-1beta gene polymorphism with cachexia from locally advanced gastric cancer. BMC Cancer, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-7-45"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2014.00232","article-title":"An Expanding Role for Interleukin-1 Blockade from Gout to Cancer","volume":"20","author":"Dinarello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.01037","article-title":"The Impact of Immune Cells on the Skeletal Muscle Microenvironment During Cancer Cachexia","volume":"11","author":"VanderVeen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00624-w","article-title":"The interplay of immunology and cachexia in infection and cancer","volume":"22","author":"Baazim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, J.P., Baynes, J.W., Welle, S.L., Kostek, M.C., Matesic, L.E., Sato, S., and Carson, J.A. (2011). The regulation of skeletal muscle protein turnover during the progression of cancer cachexia in the Apc(Min\/+) mouse. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024650"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4821","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI68523","article-title":"NF-\u03baB-mediated Pax7 dysregulation in the muscle microenvironment promotes cancer cachexia","volume":"123","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.09.004","article-title":"Myogenin and Class II HDACs Control Neurogenic Muscle Atrophy by Inducing E3 Ubiquitin Ligases","volume":"143","author":"Moresi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/21\/4570\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:13:06Z","timestamp":1760130786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/21\/4570"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15214570"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15214570","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]}}}