{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T07:44:30Z","timestamp":1788507870245,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hainan University, China","award":["KYQD_ZR2017212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYQD_ZR2017212"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hainan University, China","award":["KYQD_ZR20047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYQD_ZR20047"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Arthrospira platensis phycobiliprotein peptide extracts (PPEs) exhibit potential mitigative effects on hepatic steatosis. However, the precise role of PPEs in addressing high-fat-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), as well as the underlying mechanism, remains to be elucidated. In this study, NAFLD was induced in rats through a high-fat diet (HFD), and the rats were subsequently treated with PPEs for a duration of 10 weeks. The outcomes of this investigation demonstrate that PPE supplementation leads to a reduction in body weight gain, a decrease in the accumulation of lipid droplets within the liver tissues, alterations in hepatic lipid profile, regulation of lipolysis-related gene expression within white adipose tissues and modulation of intestinal metabolites. Notably, PPE supplementation exhibits a potential to alleviate liver damage by manipulating neutral lipid metabolism and phospholipid metabolism. Additionally, PPEs appear to enhance fat mobilization by up-regulating the gene expression levels of key factors such as HSL, TGL, UCP1 and UCP2. Furthermore, PPEs impact intestinal metabolites by reducing the levels of long-chain fatty acids while concurrently increasing the levels of short-chain fatty acids. The findings from this study unveil the potential of PPE intervention in ameliorating NAFLD through the modulation of hepatic lipid profile and the reinforcement of the fat mobilization of intestinal metabolites. Thus, PPEs exhibit noteworthy therapeutic effects in the context of NAFLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T11:50:18Z","timestamp":1698407418000},"page":"4573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Phycobiliprotein Peptide Extracts from Arthrospira platensis Ameliorate Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Modulating Hepatic Lipid Profile and Strengthening Fat Mobilization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2062-4895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changbao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongyu","family":"Zhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8850-9212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2802-615X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanfu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in the South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321767","article-title":"RIPK3 acts as a lipid metabolism regulator contributing to inflammation and carcinogenesis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"70","author":"Afonso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.122606","article-title":"Imaging of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A road less travelled","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourebaba, L., \u0141yczko, J., Alicka, M., Bourebaba, N., Szumny, A., Fal, A.M., and Marycz, K. (2020). Inhibition of protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B and LMPTP promotes palmitate\/oleate-challenged HepG2 cell survival by reducing lipoapoptosis, improving mitochondrial dynamics and mitigating oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051294"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.025","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"152","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Zhang, W., Zeng, L.Q., Bai, H., Li, J., Zhou, J., Zhou, G.Y., Fang, C.W., Wang, F., and Qin, X.J. (2020). Exercise and dietary intervention ameliorate high-fat diet-induced NAFLD and liver aging by inducing lipophagy. Redox Biol., 36.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101635"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.03.018","article-title":"Integrative lipidomic and transcriptomic study unravels the therapeutic effects of saikosaponins A and D on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.10.023","article-title":"Extraction and fractionation of microalgae-based protein products","volume":"36","author":"Stoykova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7987","article-title":"Potential application of microalga Spirulina platensis as a protein source","volume":"97","author":"Lupatini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11825","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b03566","article-title":"Recent Advances in Microalgae Peptides: Cardiovascular Health Benefits and Analysis","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-022-02732-z","article-title":"In silico and in vitro assessment of bioactive peptides from Arthrospira platensis phycobiliproteins for DPP-IV inhibitory activity, ACE inhibitory activity, and antioxidant activity","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2022.K.0052","article-title":"Natural foods for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"26","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4030476","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4030476","article-title":"The effect of artichokeleaf extract on alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"2016","author":"Rangboo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05529-6","article-title":"Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide supplementation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO02192A","article-title":"Monascus yellow, red and orange pigments from red yeast rice ameliorate lipid metabolic disorders and gut microbiota dysbiosis in Wistar rats fed on a high-fat diet","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520001403","article-title":"Effect of garlic powder supplementation on hepatic steatosis, liver enzymes and lipid profile in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A double-blind randomised controlled clinical trial","volume":"124","author":"Sangouni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S254555","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of garlic on hepatic steatosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Soleimani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fougerat, A., Montagner, A., Loiseau, N., Guillou, H., and Wahli, W. (2020). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and their novel ligands as candidates for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071638"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153412","article-title":"Naringenin alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in middle-aged Apoe\u2212\/\u2212 mice: Role of SIRT1","volume":"81","author":"Hua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcp158","article-title":"Pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"103","author":"Dowman","year":"2010","journal-title":"QJM Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.2174\/138161210791208875","article-title":"Insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"16","author":"Bugianesi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12737","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.22.12737","article-title":"Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c is a major mediator of insulin action on the hepatic expression of glucokinase and lipogenesis-related genes","volume":"96","author":"Foretz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20030326","article-title":"Increase in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid n \u2212 6\/n \u2212 3 ratio in relation to hepatic steatosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"106","author":"Araya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21763","article-title":"A lipidomic analysis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"46","author":"Puri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M085613","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction-related lipid changes occur in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression","volume":"59","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46658","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46658","article-title":"Metabolism dysregulation induces a specific lipid signature of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in patients","volume":"7","author":"Chiappini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S132","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R800048-JLR200","article-title":"Physiological consequences of disruption of mammalian phospholipid biosynthetic genes","volume":"50","author":"Vance","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)41523-8","article-title":"Regulation of phospholipid biosynthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Effect of different substrates","volume":"250","author":"Sundler","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.07.008","article-title":"White adipose tissue autophagy and adipose-liver crosstalk exacerbate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice","volume":"12","author":"Sakane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francisco, V., Sanz, M.J., Real, J.T., Marques, P., Capuozzo, M., Ait Eldjoudi, D., and Gualillo, O. (2022). Adipokines in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Are we on the road toward new biomarkers and therapeutic targets?. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11081237"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.12.013","article-title":"The influence of dietary patterns on gut microbiome and its consequences for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"96","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00edos-Covi\u00e1n, D., Ruas-Madiedo, P., Margolles, A., Gueimonde, M., De Los Reyes-gavil\u00e1n, C.G., and Salazar, N. (2016). Intestinal short chain fatty acids and their link with diet and human health. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00185"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37589","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37589","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids prevent high-fat-diet-induced obesity in mice by regulating G protein-coupled receptors and gut microbiota","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317609","article-title":"Effects of dietary fat on gut microbiota and faecal metabolites, and their relationship with cardiometabolic risk factors: A 6-month randomised controlled-feeding trial","volume":"68","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/21\/4573\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:13:08Z","timestamp":1760130788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/21\/4573"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15214573"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15214573","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]}}}