{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T01:15:08Z","timestamp":1787879708503,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Evidence from preclinical studies has found a correlation between the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and vitamin D deficiency. However, evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) revealed inconclusive results on vitamin D supplementation. We explored the effect of vitamin D on inflammation and dyslipidemia in T2D. Methods: We comprehensively searched for RCTs evaluating the effect of vitamin D in T2D on PubMed. Data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.3 and reports, such as standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) at a 5% significant level using a random effect model. Results: This study revealed a significant reduction in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) SMD = (\u22120.51, 95%CI (\u22120.93, \u22120.09); p = 0.02), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) SMD = (\u22121.06, 95%CI (\u22121.67, \u22120.45); p &lt; 0.05) in vitamin D compared to placebo. Additionally, interleukin-6 (IL-6) exhibited a marginal effect SMD = (\u22120.52, 95%CI (\u22121.05, 0.01), p = 0.05). Furthermore, a significant reduction in the level of triglycerides SMD = (\u22120.65, 95%CI (\u22121.11, \u22120.18), p &lt; 0.05) was observed, concomitant to a significantly increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level SMD = (0.53, 95%CI (0.08, 0.98), p = 0.02). However, no statistically significant changes were observed in total cholesterols SMD = (\u22120.16, 95%CI (\u22120.57, 0.24), p = 0.43) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) SMD = (\u22120.06, 95%CI (\u22120.37, 0.24), p = 0.67). Conclusions: These findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation may be beneficial in ameliorating inflammation and dyslipidemia in T2D patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T11:18:52Z","timestamp":1698405532000},"page":"4575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Modulatory Properties of Vitamin D in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Focus on Inflammation and Dyslipidemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rizqah","family":"MacGirlley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Private Bag X6, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7769-4528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy N.","family":"Phoswa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Private Bag X6, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3224-7433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kabelo","family":"Mokgalaboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Private Bag X6, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2014). Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care, 37, S81\u2013S90.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-S081"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (IDF) (2023, July 21). IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th Edition. Available online: www.diabetesatlas.org."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-017-0318-5","article-title":"Cost of Diabetes Mellitus in Africa: A Systematic Review of Existing Literature","volume":"14","author":"Mutyambizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, July 20). Global Expenditure on Health: Public Spending on the Rise?, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/9789240041219."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653789","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/653789","article-title":"Impact of Diabetes on Cardiovascular Disease: An Update","volume":"2013","author":"Matheus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-03217-2","article-title":"Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease Development","volume":"20","author":"Yen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.12.013","article-title":"Inflammation in Obesity, Diabetes, and Related Disorders","volume":"55","author":"Rohm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.37.4.1053","article-title":"Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update Hypertension in the Diabetic Patient","volume":"37","author":"Sowers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meza, C.A., La Favor, J.D., Kim, D.H., and Hickner, R.C. (2019). Endothelial Dysfunction: Is There a Hyperglycemia-Induced Imbalance of NOX and NOS?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153775"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"569654","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and Endothelial Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis: Lessons from Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"2012","author":"Funk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2015.0803","article-title":"Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Endothelial Dysfunction","volume":"7","author":"Castellon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.24966\/DMD-201X\/100030","article-title":"The Side Effects of Metformin\u2014A Review","volume":"6","author":"Ghosal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obmed.2020.100186","article-title":"Metformin: A Review of Its Therapeutic Efficacy and Adverse Effects","volume":"17","author":"Shurrab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i7.916","article-title":"Long-Term Metformin Therapy and Vitamin B12 Deficiency: An Association to Bear in Mind","volume":"12","author":"Infante","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1881434","article-title":"Natural Antioxidants in Diabetes Treatment and Management: Prospects of Astaxanthin","volume":"62","author":"Kanwugu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12235","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO02696H","article-title":"Curcumin Supplementation Improves Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Conditions of Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes and NAFLD: Updating the Status of Clinical Evidence","volume":"12","author":"Mokgalaboni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132650","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1132650","article-title":"Okra Ameliorates Hyperglycaemia in Pre-Diabetic and Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Clinical Evidence","volume":"14","author":"Mokgalaboni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"5","article-title":"The Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Diabetic Complications","volume":"12","author":"Matough","year":"2012","journal-title":"SQU Med. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120068","article-title":"Vitamin K: A Vital Micronutrient with the Cardioprotective Potential against Diabetes-Associated Complications","volume":"286","author":"Mokgalaboni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Ross, A.C., and Institute of Medicine (U.S.) (2011). DRI, Dietary Reference Intakes: Calcium, Vitamin D, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"National Institute of Health, and Office of Dietary Supplements (2023, July 21). Vitamin D Fact Sheet for Consumer, Available online: https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/VitaminD-HealthProfessional\/."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-004-0509-9","article-title":"1\u03b1,25(OH)2D3 Regulates NF-\u039aB DNA Binding Activity in Cultured Normal Human Keratinocytes through an Increase in I\u03baB\u03b1 Expression","volume":"296","author":"Riis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15264-1","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Inflammation and Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Activity in Overweight\/Obese Adults: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"7","author":"Mousa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4158\/EP13273.OR","article-title":"Improvement in Pancreatic \u03b2-Cell Function with Vitamin d and Calcium Supplementation in Vitamin d-Deficient Nondiabetic Subjects","volume":"20","author":"Harinarayan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Zhang, L., Xu, H.J., Li, Y., Hu, C.M., Yang, J.Y., and Sun, M.Y. (2018). The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Vitamin D in Tumorigenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092736"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"100263","article-title":"Vitamin D and Uric Acid: Is Parathyroid Hormone the Missing Link?","volume":"25","author":"Ponvilawan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szymczak-Pajor, I., Drzewoski, J., and \u015aliwi\u0144ska, A. (2020). The Molecular Mechanisms by Which Vitamin d Prevents Insulin Resistance and Associated Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186644"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03672.x","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycaemic Control and Insulin Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"George","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2718","article-title":"Oxidative Stress, Type 2 Diabetes and Vitamin D: Past, Present and Future","volume":"32","author":"Nikooyeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nux077","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation for Improvement of Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"76","author":"Mousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1159\/000490358","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Some Inflammatory Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"73","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.03.001","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin D on Serum Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"35","author":"Jafari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.07.005","article-title":"Using the Full PICO Model as a Search Tool for Systematic Reviews Resulted in Lower Recall for Some PICO Elements","volume":"127","author":"Frandsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42193","DOI":"10.2196\/42193","article-title":"The Effect of Vitamin D on Inflammation and Dyslipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"12","author":"MacGirlley","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(95)00134-4","article-title":"Assessing the Quality of Reports of Randomized Clinical Trials: Is Blinding Necessary?","volume":"17","author":"Jadad","year":"1996","journal-title":"Control. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"82","article-title":"GRADE System: Classification of Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendation","volume":"92","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cir. Esp."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f4040","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f4040","article-title":"Meta-Analyses: Heterogeneity and Subgroup Analysis","volume":"346","author":"Sedgwick","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1414","article-title":"Funnel Plots May Show Asymmetry in the Absence of Publication Bias with Continuous Outcomes Dependent on Baseline Risk: Presentation of a New Publication Bias Test","volume":"11","author":"Doleman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2023, July 28). Cochrane Handbook 6.1.3.2 Imputing Standard Deviations for Changes from Baseline. Available online: https:\/\/handbook-5-1.cochrane.org\/chapter_16\/16_1_3_2_imputing_standard_deviations_for_changes_from_baseline.htm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yagiz, G., Akaras, E., Kubis, H.P., and Owen, J.A. (2022). The Effects of Resistance Training on Architecture and Volume of the Upper Extremity Muscles: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials and Meta-Analyses. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12031593"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Deeks, J.J., and Higgins, J.P.T. (2023, July 28). Statistical Algorithms in Review Manager 5. Available online: https:\/\/training.cochrane.org\/handbook\/current\/chapter-10-statistical-algorithms-revman-5-1."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-5-13","article-title":"Estimating the Mean and Variance from the Median, Range, and the Size of a Sample","volume":"5","author":"Hozo","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, X., Wang, W., Liu, J., and Tong, T. (2014). Estimating the Sample Mean and Standard Deviation from the Sample Size, Median, Range and\/or Interquartile Range. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-135"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"108","article-title":"A Note on Standard Deviation and Standard Error","volume":"29","author":"Hassani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Teach. Math. Appl."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schroll, J.B., Moustgaard, R., and G\u00f8tzsche, P.C. (2011). Dealing with Substantial Heterogeneity in Cochrane Reviews. Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-11-22"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.251","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation in Obese Type 2 Diabetes Subjects in Ajman, UAE: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blinded Clinical Trial","volume":"69","author":"Sadiya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3465","article-title":"Improvement of Vitamin D Status via Daily Intake of Fortified Yogurt Drink Either with or without Extra Calcium Ameliorates Systemic Inflammatory Biomarkers, Including Adipokines, in the Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"97","author":"Neyestani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"167","article-title":"Serum IL-18 and HsCRP Correlate with Insulin Resistance without Effect of Calcitriol Treatment on Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Akbarzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3313-x","article-title":"Effects of Calcium\u2013Vitamin D Co-Supplementation on Metabolic Profiles in Vitamin D Insufficient People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"57","author":"Tabesh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fazelian, S., Paknahad, Z., Khajehali, L., Kheiri, S., and Amani, R. (2018). The Effects of Supplementation with Vitamin D on Inflammatory Biomarkers, Omentin, and Vaspin in Women with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. J. Food Biochem., 42.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12631"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.06.011","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Depressive Symptoms in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial","volume":"13","author":"Omidian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.07.047","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Circulatory YKL-40 and MCP-1 Biomarkers Associated with Vascular Diabetic Complications: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial","volume":"13","author":"Omidian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-019-00416-z","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Vitamin D and Resistance Training in Men with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Vitamin D Deficiency: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"18","author":"Dadrass","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2020.102346","article-title":"The Effect of Intramuscular Megadose of Vitamin D Injections on E-Selectin, CRP and Biochemical Parameters in Vitamin D-Deficient Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"49","author":"Mirzavandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2019-0113","article-title":"The Effects of Chromium and Vitamin D3 Co-Supplementation on Insulin Resistance and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"45","author":"Imanparast","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoseini, R., Rahim, H.A., and Ahmed, J.K. (2022). Decreased Inflammatory Gene Expression Accompanies the Improvement of Liver Enzyme and Lipid Profile Following Aerobic Training and Vitamin D Supplementation in T2DM Patients. BMC Endocr. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01152-x"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05300-7","article-title":"Effects of Long-Term Vitamin D and n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Inflammatory and Cardiac Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Secondary Analyses from a Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"64","author":"Limonte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa149","article-title":"Exploring the Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Surrogate Biomarkers of Cholesterol Absorption and Endogenous Synthesis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes-Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"112","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.10.003","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"38","author":"Angellotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1838-1","article-title":"The Effect of Different Doses of Vitamin D3 on Markers of Vascular Health in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"53","author":"Witham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2357-4","article-title":"Design, History and Results of the Thiazolidinedione Intervention with Vitamin D Evaluation (TIDE) Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"55","author":"Punthakee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0156","article-title":"Effects of 6-Month Vitamin D Supplementation on Insulin Sensitivity and Secretion: A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"181","author":"Lemieux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barchetta, I., Del Ben, M., Angelico, F., Di Martino, M., Fraioli, A., La Torre, G., Saulle, R., Perri, L., Morini, S., and Tiberti, C. (2016). No Effects of Oral Vitamin D Supplementation on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. BMC Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0638-y"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01373-8","article-title":"Effect of 1-Year Oral Cholecalciferol on a Metabolic Profile and Blood Pressure in Poor-Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Open-Label Randomized Controlled Pilot Study","volume":"44","author":"Barale","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-013-0540-4","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency, Serum Leptin and Osteoprotegerin Levels in Older Diabetic Patients: An Input to New Research Avenues","volume":"51","author":"Maggi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gagnon, C., Daly, R.M., Carpentier, A., Lu, Z.X., Shore-Lorenti, C., Sikaris, K., Jean, S., and Ebeling, P.R. (2014). Effects of Combined Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation on Insulin Secretion, Insulin Sensitivity and \u03b2-Cell Function in Multi-Ethnic Vitamin D-Deficient Adults at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109607"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Z., Zhi, X., Li, J., Li, B., Wang, J., Zhu, J., and Zhang, Z. (2022). Effects of Long-Term Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Profile in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 225.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2022.106198"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.06.008","article-title":"Effects of 12 Weeks High Dose Vitamin D3 Treatment on Insulin Sensitivity, Beta Cell Function, and Metabolic Markers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Vitamin D Insufficiency\u2014A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"63","author":"Kampmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2018.03.008","article-title":"Effect of Oral Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Coexisting Hypovitaminosis D: A Parellel Group Placebo Controlled Randomized Controlled Pilot Study","volume":"12","author":"Upreti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.020","article-title":"Effect of High Doses of Vitamin D on Arterial Properties, Adiponectin, Leptin and Glucose Homeostasis in Type 2 Diabetic Patients","volume":"32","author":"Breslavsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2014.29.5.620","article-title":"The Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Insulin Resistance and Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Ryu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.10.002","article-title":"The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Serum Lipids in Postmenopausal Women with Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"34","author":"Flores","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164115621667","article-title":"A Randomised Controlled Trial Evaluating the Impact of Targeted Vitamin D Supplementation on Endothelial Function in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The DIMENSION Trial","volume":"13","author":"Dalan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diab Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"w13942","article-title":"Effect of Large Doses of Parenteral Vitamin D on Glycaemic Control and Calcium\/Phosphate Metabolism in Patients with Stable Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Prospective Pilot Study","volume":"144","author":"Jehle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Hajj, C., Walrand, S., Helou, M., and Yammine, K. (2020). Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Inflammatory Markers in Non-Obese Lebanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072033"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wenclewska, S., Szymczak-Pajor, I., Drzewoski, J., Bunk, M., and \u015aliwi\u0144ska, A. (2019). Vitamin d Supplementation Reduces Both Oxidative Dna Damage and Insulin Resistance in the Elderly with Metabolic Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122891"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.06.010","article-title":"Vitamin D Increases PPAR\u03b3 Expression and Promotes Beneficial Effects of Physical Activity in Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Hoseini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24430","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24430","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D on Oxidative Stress and Serum Inflammatory Factors in the Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"36","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calton, E.K., Keane, K.N., Newsholme, P., and Soares, M.J. (2015). The Impact of Vitamin D Levels on Inflammatory Status: A Systematic Review of Immune Cell Studies. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141770"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jorde, R., and Grimnes, G. (2020). Increased Calcium Intake Is Associated Lower Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels in Subjects with Adequate Vitamin D Intake: A Population-Based Observational Study. BMC Nutr., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-020-00381-4"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazidi, M., Rezaie, P., and Vatanparast, H. (2018). Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on C-Reactive Protein; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. BMC Nutr., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-017-0207-6"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10330-9","article-title":"Increased Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Risk in HIV-1 Viremic Controllers and Low Persistent Inflammation in Elite Controllers and Art-Suppressed Individuals","volume":"12","author":"Caetano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.01.025","article-title":"Inflammation in Alcoholic and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Friend or Foe?","volume":"150","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6062206","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Level of Circulating High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.01.015","article-title":"Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Endothelial and Inflammatory Markers in Adults: A Systematic Review","volume":"173","author":"Agbalalah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.04.023","article-title":"Chronic Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: Role of Nrf2","volume":"6","author":"Stenvinkel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"69","article-title":"Vitamin D in Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"7","author":"Sorg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102412","article-title":"Vitamin D Inhibits Monocyte\/Macrophage Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production by Targeting MAPK Phosphatase-1","volume":"188","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24986","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2001966117","article-title":"Vitamin D3 Receptor Polymorphisms Regulate T Cells and T Cell-Dependent Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"117","author":"Lahore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00148","article-title":"The Vitamin D Receptor and T Cell Function","volume":"4","author":"Kongsbak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.09.011","article-title":"Vitamin D 3 Supplementation Decreases a Unique Circulating Monocyte Cholesterol Pool in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"177","author":"Riek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.12.013","article-title":"Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin D Supplement on Endothelial Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"227","author":"Yiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033026","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1033026","article-title":"The Impacts of Vitamin D Supplementation in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"13","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500425","article-title":"Increase of Circulating Cholesterol in Vitamin D Deficiency Is Linked to Reduced Vitamin D Receptor Activity via the Insig-2\/SREBP-2 Pathway","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00338.2010","article-title":"Vitamin D Receptor Agonist Doxercalciferol Modulates Dietary Fat-Induced Renal Disease and Renal Lipid Metabolism","volume":"300","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2016.12.017","article-title":"Vitamin D Metabolite, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Regulates Lipid Metabolism by Inducing Degradation of SREBP\/SCAP","volume":"24","author":"Asano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2018.07.004","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Glucose Utilization in Differentiated 3T3-L1 Adipocytes","volume":"58","author":"Larrick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/21\/4575\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:13:11Z","timestamp":1760130791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/21\/4575"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15214575"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15214575","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]}}}