{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:40:41Z","timestamp":1790095241538,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,28]],"date-time":"2023-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"APC central fund of the University of Milan"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Men are more likely than women to have subthreshold overeating disorders. Lifestyle plays a role as a determinant, while chronotype is an emerging factor. Chronotype explains the natural preferences of wakefulness and activity throughout the day: evening chronotypes (E-Types), those most productive in the evening, have been linked with unhealthy dietary patterns and a higher propensity to substance addiction than morning types (M-Types). Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study on 750 overweight or obese adults (70% females, 48 \u00b1 10 years, BMI 31.7 \u00b1 5.8 kg\/m2). The Binge-Eating Scale, the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0), the reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ), and the MEDAS questionnaire were used to assess binge eating, food addiction, chronotype, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet, respectively. Results: No differences in BES binge-eating and FA food-addiction scores occurred between chronotypes, but we found significant interactions between sex \u00d7 rMEQ score. While women showed the same prevalence for binge eating and food addiction across all chronotypes, binge eating and food addiction risk increased with reducing rMEQ score in men, indicating that being male and E-Type increases the risk association of binge eating and\/or food addiction prevalence. Conclusions: chronotype is associated with binge eating and food addiction in men, emphasizing the link between chronobiology and sex differences as determinants in appetite and eating behaviour dysregulation and in overweight and obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T09:27:28Z","timestamp":1698658048000},"page":"4580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Sex Differences in the Relationship between Chronotype and Eating Behaviour: A Focus on Binge Eating and Food Addiction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0403-5465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramona De","family":"Amicis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Lab of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20145 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5344-4014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Letizia","family":"Galasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Cavallaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3414-5879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara Paola","family":"Mambrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolic Research, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7701-9733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Castelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Montaruli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi-Sant\u2019Ambrogio, Via Cristina Belgioioso 173, 20161 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliana","family":"Roveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi-Sant\u2019Ambrogio, Via Cristina Belgioioso 173, 20161 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4420-2611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi-Sant\u2019Ambrogio, Via Cristina Belgioioso 173, 20161 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8063-8490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2803-7713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Foppiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Battezzati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5867-8074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Bertoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Lab of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20145 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.269","article-title":"Pathological Overeating: Emerging Evidence for a Compulsivity Construct","volume":"42","author":"Moore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000086","article-title":"Overeating and Binge Eating in Emerging Adulthood: 10-Year Stability and Risk Factors","volume":"52","author":"Goldschmidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. 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