{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T03:32:50Z","timestamp":1767843170820,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death worldwide. CVDs have become the dominant cause of death and have been a significant health challenge since the second half of the 20th century in the Polish population. The aim of our HDMI (hospital diet medical investigation) study was to examine the quality of the hospital diets given to cardiac patients and assess how much they adhere to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 2021 guidelines. By comparing the diets received by patients with the recommended dietary patterns outlined in the ESC 2021 guidelines, we sought to identify discrepancies. The study was conducted in two steps: creating a 7-day model menu and comparing it with the received diets and then making comparisons with ESC 2021 guidelines. Additionally, we designed a survey to obtain the characteristics of the hospitals. The results show that the nutrition in hospitals remains substandard. None of the diets had an appropriate salt supply or predominance of plant-based food patterns. Only 1\/7 diets avoided sweetened beverages, and 2\/7 diets had an appropriate amount of fiber. This underscores a gap in the healthcare system to improve patients\u2019 health by implementing dietary interventions that foster the development of healthy eating habits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T13:20:07Z","timestamp":1698672007000},"page":"4606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Examining the Nutrition of Cardiological Patients in Hospitals: Evaluating the Discrepancy between Received Diets and Reference Diet Based on ESC 2021 Guidelines\u2014Hospital Diet Medical Investigation) (HDMI) Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5917-8119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"\u015ali\u017c","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 04-749 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Polish Society of Lifestyle Medicine, 00-388 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicja Monika","family":"Jodczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 04-749 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Polish Society of Lifestyle Medicine, 00-388 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"\u0141akoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 04-749 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Polish Society of Lifestyle Medicine, 00-388 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6738-2088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Kucharska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1830-2114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Panczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Research in Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-518 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1652-6616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga Maria","family":"Rostkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplantation Medicine, Nephrology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Turlej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4009-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"M\u0142ynarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontology and Geriatric Nursing, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Dro\u017cd\u017c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Jarz\u0119bska-W\u00f3dka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Wierzbi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polish Society of Lifestyle Medicine, 00-388 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Grabowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Chair and Department and of Cardiology Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Ukleja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Chair and Department and of Cardiology Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Adamczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polish Society of Lifestyle Medicine, 00-388 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicja","family":"Baska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polish Society of Lifestyle Medicine, 00-388 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9458-557X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szczepan","family":"Wiecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Health in Biala Podlaska, Faculty in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilusdski University of Physical Education, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8801-1393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Barylski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5281-0318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam Rafa\u0142","family":"Poliwczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Mamcarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 04-749 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.11.005","article-title":"The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk","volume":"80","author":"Vaduganathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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