{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T20:28:17Z","timestamp":1788812897984,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center","award":["NIH M01 RR000051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH M01 RR000051"]}]},{"name":"University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center","award":["UL1TR002535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002535"]}]},{"name":"University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center","award":["R01 HL61753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL61753"]}]},{"name":"University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center","award":["R01 HL079611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL079611"]}]},{"name":"University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center","award":["R01 HL113029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL113029"]}]},{"name":"University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center","award":["7-06-CVD-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-06-CVD-28"]}]},{"name":"University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center","award":["7-13-CD-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-13-CD-10"]}]},{"name":"University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center","award":["7-13-CE-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-13-CE-02"]}]},{"name":"University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center","award":["P30 DK57516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK57516"]}]},{"name":"University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center","award":["P30 DK116073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK116073"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NCATS Colorado CTSA","award":["NIH M01 RR000051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH M01 RR000051"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NCATS Colorado CTSA","award":["UL1TR002535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002535"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NCATS Colorado CTSA","award":["R01 HL61753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL61753"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NCATS Colorado CTSA","award":["R01 HL079611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL079611"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NCATS Colorado CTSA","award":["R01 HL113029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL113029"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NCATS Colorado CTSA","award":["7-06-CVD-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-06-CVD-28"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NCATS Colorado CTSA","award":["7-13-CD-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-13-CD-10"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NCATS Colorado CTSA","award":["7-13-CE-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-13-CE-02"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NCATS Colorado CTSA","award":["P30 DK57516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK57516"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NCATS Colorado CTSA","award":["P30 DK116073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK116073"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute","award":["NIH M01 RR000051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH M01 RR000051"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute","award":["UL1TR002535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002535"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute","award":["R01 HL61753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL61753"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute","award":["R01 HL079611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL079611"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute","award":["R01 HL113029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL113029"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute","award":["7-06-CVD-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-06-CVD-28"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute","award":["7-13-CD-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-13-CD-10"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute","award":["7-13-CE-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-13-CE-02"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute","award":["P30 DK57516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK57516"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute","award":["P30 DK116073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK116073"]}]},{"name":"American Diabetes Association","award":["NIH M01 RR000051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH M01 RR000051"]}]},{"name":"American Diabetes Association","award":["UL1TR002535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002535"]}]},{"name":"American Diabetes Association","award":["R01 HL61753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL61753"]}]},{"name":"American Diabetes Association","award":["R01 HL079611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL079611"]}]},{"name":"American Diabetes Association","award":["R01 HL113029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL113029"]}]},{"name":"American Diabetes Association","award":["7-06-CVD-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-06-CVD-28"]}]},{"name":"American Diabetes Association","award":["7-13-CD-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-13-CD-10"]}]},{"name":"American Diabetes Association","award":["7-13-CE-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-13-CE-02"]}]},{"name":"American Diabetes Association","award":["P30 DK57516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK57516"]}]},{"name":"American Diabetes Association","award":["P30 DK116073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK116073"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000041","name":"American Diabetes Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH M01 RR000051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH M01 RR000051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000041","name":"American Diabetes Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002535"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000041","name":"American Diabetes Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL61753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL61753"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000041","name":"American Diabetes Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL079611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL079611"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000041","name":"American Diabetes Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL113029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL113029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000041","name":"American Diabetes Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7-06-CVD-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-06-CVD-28"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000041","name":"American Diabetes Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7-13-CD-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-13-CD-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000041","name":"American Diabetes Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7-13-CE-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-13-CE-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000041","name":"American Diabetes Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 DK57516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK57516"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000041","name":"American Diabetes Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 DK116073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK116073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"American Diabetes Association","award":["NIH M01 RR000051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH M01 RR000051"]}]},{"name":"American Diabetes Association","award":["UL1TR002535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002535"]}]},{"name":"American Diabetes Association","award":["R01 HL61753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL61753"]}]},{"name":"American Diabetes Association","award":["R01 HL079611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL079611"]}]},{"name":"American Diabetes Association","award":["R01 HL113029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL113029"]}]},{"name":"American Diabetes Association","award":["7-06-CVD-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-06-CVD-28"]}]},{"name":"American Diabetes Association","award":["7-13-CD-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-13-CD-10"]}]},{"name":"American Diabetes Association","award":["7-13-CE-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-13-CE-02"]}]},{"name":"American Diabetes Association","award":["P30 DK57516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK57516"]}]},{"name":"American Diabetes Association","award":["P30 DK116073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK116073"]}]},{"name":"Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center Clinical Investigation Core","award":["NIH M01 RR000051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH M01 RR000051"]}]},{"name":"Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center Clinical Investigation Core","award":["UL1TR002535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002535"]}]},{"name":"Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center Clinical Investigation Core","award":["R01 HL61753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL61753"]}]},{"name":"Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center Clinical Investigation Core","award":["R01 HL079611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL079611"]}]},{"name":"Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center Clinical Investigation Core","award":["R01 HL113029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL113029"]}]},{"name":"Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center Clinical Investigation Core","award":["7-06-CVD-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-06-CVD-28"]}]},{"name":"Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center Clinical Investigation Core","award":["7-13-CD-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-13-CD-10"]}]},{"name":"Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center Clinical Investigation Core","award":["7-13-CE-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-13-CE-02"]}]},{"name":"Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center Clinical Investigation Core","award":["P30 DK57516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK57516"]}]},{"name":"Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center Clinical Investigation Core","award":["P30 DK116073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK116073"]}]},{"name":"Colorado Diabetes Research Center Clinical Resources Core","award":["NIH M01 RR000051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH M01 RR000051"]}]},{"name":"Colorado Diabetes Research Center Clinical Resources Core","award":["UL1TR002535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002535"]}]},{"name":"Colorado Diabetes Research Center Clinical Resources Core","award":["R01 HL61753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL61753"]}]},{"name":"Colorado Diabetes Research Center Clinical Resources Core","award":["R01 HL079611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL079611"]}]},{"name":"Colorado Diabetes Research Center Clinical Resources Core","award":["R01 HL113029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL113029"]}]},{"name":"Colorado Diabetes Research Center Clinical Resources Core","award":["7-06-CVD-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-06-CVD-28"]}]},{"name":"Colorado Diabetes Research Center Clinical Resources Core","award":["7-13-CD-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-13-CD-10"]}]},{"name":"Colorado Diabetes Research Center Clinical Resources Core","award":["7-13-CE-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-13-CE-02"]}]},{"name":"Colorado Diabetes Research Center Clinical Resources Core","award":["P30 DK57516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK57516"]}]},{"name":"Colorado Diabetes Research Center Clinical Resources Core","award":["P30 DK116073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK116073"]}]},{"name":"Dean\u2019s Faculty Development award (Basu) at the School of Integrated Health Sciences at UNLV","award":["NIH M01 RR000051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH M01 RR000051"]}]},{"name":"Dean\u2019s Faculty Development award (Basu) at the School of Integrated Health Sciences at UNLV","award":["UL1TR002535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002535"]}]},{"name":"Dean\u2019s Faculty Development award (Basu) at the School of Integrated Health Sciences at UNLV","award":["R01 HL61753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL61753"]}]},{"name":"Dean\u2019s Faculty Development award (Basu) at the School of Integrated Health Sciences at UNLV","award":["R01 HL079611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL079611"]}]},{"name":"Dean\u2019s Faculty Development award (Basu) at the School of Integrated Health Sciences at UNLV","award":["R01 HL113029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL113029"]}]},{"name":"Dean\u2019s Faculty Development award (Basu) at the School of Integrated Health Sciences at UNLV","award":["7-06-CVD-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-06-CVD-28"]}]},{"name":"Dean\u2019s Faculty Development award (Basu) at the School of Integrated Health Sciences at UNLV","award":["7-13-CD-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-13-CD-10"]}]},{"name":"Dean\u2019s Faculty Development award (Basu) at the School of Integrated Health Sciences at UNLV","award":["7-13-CE-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-13-CE-02"]}]},{"name":"Dean\u2019s Faculty Development award (Basu) at the School of Integrated Health Sciences at UNLV","award":["P30 DK57516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK57516"]}]},{"name":"Dean\u2019s Faculty Development award (Basu) at the School of Integrated Health Sciences at UNLV","award":["P30 DK116073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK116073"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dietary fiber, an essential bioactive compound in plant-based diets, is of public health concern based on habitual low intakes in the general population. Not much data are available on how habitual dietary fiber is associated with glycemic control in type 1 diabetes (T1D) as well as in prediabetes and normoglycemic adults. To address this gap, we conducted a six-year longitudinal analysis of an original cohort in adults with and without T1D (n = 1255; T1D: n = 563; non-diabetes mellitus (non-DM): n = 692). Dietary data were collected from a validated food frequency questionnaire, biochemical measures were obtained after an overnight fast, and anthropometric measurements were collected at baseline as well as after three and six years for the follow-up study. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and estimated insulin sensitivity (eIS) were the main outcomes examined. In adjusted analyses, dietary fiber intake was inversely associated with HbA1c in a minimally adjusted model, but it was positively associated with eIS in a model involving all relevant covariates in non-DM adults. These associations were not significant in the T1D group. Furthermore, when examined by HbA1c cut-offs for glycemic control, an inverse association with dietary fiber was only observed in adults with prediabetes (all p &lt; 0.05). At a six-year mean (\u00b1SD) dietary fiber intake of 17.4 \u00b1 8.8 g for non-DM and 17.0 \u00b1 8.2 g for the T1D group, protective associations against poor glycemic control were observed in those without diabetes and in prediabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T12:48:31Z","timestamp":1698756511000},"page":"4620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Longitudinal Associations of Dietary Fiber Intake with Glycated Hemoglobin and Estimated Insulin Sensitivity in Adults with and without Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Arpita","family":"Basu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hooyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA"},{"name":"School of Biological Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5338-1957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leigh Ann","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy C.","family":"Alman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet K.","family":"Snell-Bergeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-022-01762-w","article-title":"Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Vanderniet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612115","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.612115","article-title":"The Interplay Between Diet and the Epigenome in the Pathogenesis of Type-1 Diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Kohil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zajec, A., Trebu\u0161ak Podkraj\u0161ek, K., Tesovnik, T., \u0160ket, R., \u010cugalj Kern, B., Jenko Bizjan, B., \u0160migoc Schweiger, D., Battelino, T., and Kova\u010d, J. (2022). Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes: Established Facts and New Insights. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13040706"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3713","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites limit the frequency of autoimmune T cells and protect against type 1 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Richards","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.4063","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Prediabetes: A Review","volume":"329","author":"Perreault","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2009.00189.x","article-title":"Health benefits of dietary fiber","volume":"67","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005113421903","article-title":"Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"342","author":"Chandalia","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dreher, M.L. (2018). Whole Fruits and Fruit Fiber Emerging Health Effects. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121833"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxx008","article-title":"Impact of Dietary Fiber Consumption on Insulin Resistance and the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"148","author":"Weickert","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynolds, A.N., Akerman, A.P., and Mann, J. (2020). Dietary fibre and whole grains in diabetes management: Systematic review and meta-analyses. PLoS Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003053"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2019). 5. Lifestyle Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142019. Diabetes Care, 42, S46\u2013S60.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-S005"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.4.921","article-title":"Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women","volume":"71","author":"Meyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-3997000000008","article-title":"Higher fiber intake is associated with lower blood pressure levels in patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Beretta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.04.012","article-title":"Association between Cardiometabolic Profile and Dietary Characteristics among Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"115","author":"Gingras","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.01.004","article-title":"In adult patients with type 1 diabetes healthy lifestyle associates with a better cardiometabolic profile","volume":"25","author":"Leroux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2013.0389","article-title":"Associations of nutrient intake with glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes: Differences by insulin regimen","volume":"16","author":"Katz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521003779","article-title":"Dietary fibre intake and risk of prediabetes in China: Results from the Tianjin Chronic Low-grade Systemic Inflammation and Health (TCLSIH) Cohort Study","volume":"128","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-3092","article-title":"Dose-Dependent Associations of Dietary Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Fiber with 3-Year Weight Loss Maintenance and Glycemic Status in a High-Risk Population: A Secondary Analysis of the Diabetes Prevention Study PREVIEW","volume":"44","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2019.1657949","article-title":"Correlation between habitual dietary fibre intake and postprandial plasma glucose levels in early adulthood","volume":"46","author":"Sato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0266","article-title":"Dietary fiber intake, dietary glycemic load, and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy300","article-title":"A High-Fiber Diet Decreases Postabsorptive Protein Turnover but Does Not Alter Insulin Sensitivity in Men with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"149","author":"Bruttomesso","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4427","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00481","article-title":"Effect of Prebiotic on Microbiota, Intestinal Permeability, and Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"104","author":"Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2022.12.017","article-title":"Associations of Dietary Intake with the Intestinal Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids among Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes and Overweight or Obesity","volume":"153","author":"Igudesman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.11.2833","article-title":"Effect of type 1 diabetes on the gender difference in coronary artery calcification: A role for insulin resistance? The Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes (CACTI) Study","volume":"52","author":"Dabelea","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.10.2923","article-title":"Progression of coronary artery calcification in type 1 diabetes: The importance of glycemic control","volume":"26","author":"Hokanson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1280-4","article-title":"Adults with type 1 diabetes eat a high-fat atherogenic diet that is associated with coronary artery calcium","volume":"52","author":"Maahs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-019-0449-z","article-title":"Dietary fiber intake and glycemic control: Coronary artery calcification in type 1 diabetes (CACTI) study","volume":"18","author":"Basu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02564-6","article-title":"Associations of dietary patterns and nutrients with coronary artery calcification and pericardial adiposity in a longitudinal study of adults with and without type 1 diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Basu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-3272","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Method to Estimate Insulin Sensitivity in Patients with and without Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"101","author":"Duca","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2018). 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142018. Diabetes Care, 41, S13\u2013S27.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-S002"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.13.4.401","article-title":"Development of questionnaire to examine relationship of physical activity and diabetes in Pima Indians","volume":"13","author":"Kriska","year":"1990","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lie, L., Brown, L., Forrester, T.E., Plange-Rhule, J., Bovet, P., Lambert, E.V., Layden, B.T., Luke, A., and Dugas, L.R. (2018). The Association of Dietary Fiber Intake with Cardiometabolic Risk in Four Countries across the Epidemiologic Transition. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050628"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e225012","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.5012","article-title":"Intake and Sources of Dietary Fiber, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disease in Older US Adults","volume":"5","author":"Shivakoti","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, Y.J., Lee, H.S., Park, G., Kim, H.M., and Lee, J.W. (2022). Association of Dietary Fiber Intake with All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: A 10-Year Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153089"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-019-0424-y","article-title":"Relationship between carbohydrate and dietary fibre intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in Japanese: 24-year follow-up of NIPPON DATA80","volume":"74","author":"Miyazawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"m688","article-title":"Associations of fat and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality: Prospective cohort study of UK Biobank participants","volume":"368","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114523000089","article-title":"Usual Dietary Fiber Intake According to Diabetes Status in US Adults: NHANES 2013\u20132018","volume":"130","author":"Miketinas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-159","article-title":"Impact of dietary fiber intake on glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors and chronic kidney disease in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Fukuoka Diabetes Registry","volume":"12","author":"Fujii","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao5774","article-title":"Gut bacteria selectively promoted by dietary fibers alleviate type 2 diabetes","volume":"359","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojo, O., Feng, Q.Q., Ojo, O.O., and Wang, X.H. (2020). The Role of Dietary Fibre in Modulating Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/IECN2020-06986"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319880041","article-title":"Risk and management of pre-diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Beulens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2017.10.001","article-title":"Prediabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology and Interventions for Prevention and Risk Reduction","volume":"47","author":"Brannick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.2337\/dci20-0018","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of Diabetes Prevention Interventions Targeting High-risk Individuals and Whole Populations: A Systematic Review","volume":"43","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18646","article-title":"Human gut microbes impact host serum metabolome and insulin sensitivity","volume":"535","author":"Pedersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basu, A., Izuora, K., Hooyman, A., Scofield, H.R., and Ebersole, J.L. (2023). Dietary Strawberries Improve Serum Metabolites of Cardiometabolic Risks in Adults with Features of the Metabolic Syndrome in a Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032051"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-022-00196-1","article-title":"Influence of resistant starch resulting from the cooling of rice on postprandial glycemia in type 1 diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Strozyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3614-8","article-title":"A model for the role of gut bacteria in the development of autoimmunity for type 1 diabetes","volume":"58","author":"Triplett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2121266","article-title":"Effects of dietary fiber and its components on metabolic health","volume":"2","author":"Lattimer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13935","article-title":"Effects of sequential treatment with lixisenatide, insulin glargine, or their combination on meal-related glycaemic excursions, insulin and glucagon secretion, and gastric emptying in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Meier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lupoli, R., Pisano, F., and Capaldo, B. (2019). Postprandial Glucose Control in Type 1 Diabetes: Importance of the Gastric Emptying Rate. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071559"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2016.02.011","article-title":"Estimated insulin sensitivity predicts incident micro- and macrovascular complications in adults with type 1 diabetes over 6 years: The coronary artery calcification in type 1 diabetes study","volume":"30","author":"Bjornstad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Its Complicat."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.04.005","article-title":"Adiponectin mediates the metabolic effects of FGF21 on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in mice","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32584","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1922169117","article-title":"Mechanisms by which adiponectin reverses high fat diet-induced insulin resistance in mice","volume":"117","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9456","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35298-y","article-title":"Association of hypertension and insulin resistance in individuals free of diabetes in the ELSA-Brasil cohort","volume":"13","author":"Castro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2019.05.014","article-title":"Effect of diet composition on insulin sensitivity in humans","volume":"33","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002020","article-title":"Dose-Dependent Effects of Exercise and Diet on Insulin Sensitivity and Secretion","volume":"51","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.5.1033","article-title":"Improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin action induced by increasing energy expenditure or decreasing energy intake: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"84","author":"Weiss","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26498","article-title":"Association of diet with glycated hemoglobin during intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial","volume":"89","author":"Delahanty","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01810.x","article-title":"A low-fat diet improves peripheral insulin sensitivity in patients with Type 1 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Rosenfalck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabet. Med. J. Br. Diabet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4747573","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4747573","article-title":"Associations of Dietary Antioxidants with Glycated Hemoglobin and Insulin Sensitivity in Adults with and without Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"2022","author":"Basu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/21\/4620\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:14:43Z","timestamp":1760130883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/21\/4620"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15214620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15214620","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]}}}